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Human Development Index and its componentsGo toSearch glossaries

Source: Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2022 | United Nations Development Programme
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SDG3 SDG4.3 SDG4.4 SDG8.5
Human Development Index (HDI)  Life expectancy at birth Expected years of schooling Mean years of schooling Gross national income (GNI) per capita GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank HDI rank
HDI rank Country Value (years) (years) (years) (2017 PPP $)
2021 2021 2021 a 2021 a 2021 2021 b 2020
VERY HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1 Switzerland 0.962 84.0 16.5 13.9 66,933 5 3
2 Norway 0.961 83.2 18.2 c 13.0 64,660 6 1
3 Iceland 0.959 82.7 19.2 c 13.8 55,782 11 2
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.952 85.5 d 17.3 12.2 62,607 6 4
5 Australia 0.951 84.5 21.1 c 12.7 49,238 18 5
6 Denmark 0.948 81.4 18.7 c 13.0 60,365 6 5
7 Sweden 0.947 83.0 19.4 c 12.6 54,489 9 9
8 Ireland 0.945 82.0 18.9 c 11.6 e 76,169 f -3 8
9 Germany 0.942 80.6 17.0 14.1 e 54,534 6 7
10 Netherlands 0.941 81.7 18.7 c,e 12.6 55,979 3 10
11 Finland 0.940 82.0 19.1 c 12.9 49,452 11 12
12 Singapore 0.939 82.8 16.5 11.9 90,919 f -10 10
13 Belgium 0.937 81.9 19.6 c 12.4 52,293 7 16
13 New Zealand 0.937 82.5 20.3 c 12.9 44,057 16 13
15 Canada 0.936 82.7 16.4 13.8 e 46,808 9 15
16 Liechtenstein 0.935 83.3 15.2 12.5 g 146,830 f,h -15 14
17 Luxembourg 0.930 82.6 14.4 13.0 i 84,649 f -13 17
18 United Kingdom 0.929 80.7 17.3 13.4 45,225 9 17
19 Japan 0.925 84.8 15.2 e 13.4 42,274 12 19
19 Korea (Republic of) 0.925 83.7 16.5 12.5 e 44,501 9 20
21 United States 0.921 77.2 16.3 13.7 64,765 -14 21
22 Israel 0.919 82.3 16.1 13.3 e 41,524 10 22
23 Malta 0.918 83.8 16.8 12.2 38,884 12 26
23 Slovenia 0.918 80.7 17.7 12.8 39,746 10 23
25 Austria 0.916 81.6 16.0 12.3 53,619 -8 23
26 United Arab Emirates 0.911 78.7 15.7 12.7 62,574 -15 25
27 Spain 0.905 83.0 17.9 10.6 38,354 10 27
28 France 0.903 82.5 15.8 11.6 45,937 -2 28
29 Cyprus 0.896 81.2 15.6 12.4 38,188 9 29
30 Italy 0.895 82.9 16.2 10.7 42,840 0 32
31 Estonia 0.890 77.1 15.9 13.5 38,048 8 30
32 Czechia 0.889 77.7 16.2 12.9 38,745 4 30
33 Greece 0.887 80.1 20.0 c 11.4 29,002 17 33
34 Poland 0.876 76.5 16.0 13.2 33,034 8 36
35 Bahrain 0.875 78.8 16.3 11.0 39,497 -1 35
35 Lithuania 0.875 73.7 16.3 13.5 37,931 5 34
35 Saudi Arabia 0.875 76.9 16.1 11.3 46,112 -10 38
38 Portugal 0.866 81.0 16.9 9.6 33,155 3 39
39 Latvia 0.863 73.6 16.2 13.3 32,803 4 37
40 Andorra 0.858 80.4 13.3 j 10.6 e 51,167 k -19 45
40 Croatia 0.858 77.6 15.1 12.2 e 30,132 8 41
42 Chile 0.855 78.9 16.7 10.9 e 24,563 14 43
42 Qatar 0.855 79.3 12.6 10.0 e 87,134 f -39 42
44 San Marino 0.853 80.9 12.3 10.8 52,654 -25 46
45 Slovakia 0.848 74.9 14.5 12.9 30,690 1 40
46 Hungary 0.846 74.5 15.0 e 12.2 32,789 -2 44
47 Argentina 0.842 75.4 17.9 11.1 e 20,925 17 47
48 Türkiye 0.838 76.0 18.3 c 8.6 31,033 -3 48
49 Montenegro 0.832 76.3 15.1 12.2 e 20,839 16 52
50 Kuwait 0.831 78.7 15.3 e 7.3 e 52,920 -32 54
51 Brunei Darussalam 0.829 74.6 14.0 9.2 64,490 -42 49
52 Russian Federation 0.822 69.4 15.8 12.8 i 27,166 -1 49
53 Romania 0.821 74.2 14.2 11.3 30,027 -4 53
54 Oman 0.816 72.5 14.6 11.7 27,054 -2 51
55 Bahamas 0.812 71.6 12.9 l 12.6 e 30,486 -8 58
56 Kazakhstan 0.811 69.4 15.8 12.3 e 23,943 1 59
57 Trinidad and Tobago 0.810 73.0 14.5 m 11.6 e 23,392 1 56
58 Costa Rica 0.809 77.0 16.5 8.8 19,974 8 57
58 Uruguay 0.809 75.4 16.8 9.0 21,269 5 55
60 Belarus 0.808 72.4 15.2 12.1 18,849 8 60
61 Panama 0.805 76.2 13.1 e 10.5 26,957 -8 67
62 Malaysia 0.803 74.9 13.3 10.6 26,658 -8 61
63 Georgia 0.802 71.7 15.6 12.8 14,664 17 64
63 Mauritius 0.802 73.6 15.2 e 10.4 e 22,025 -1 62
63 Serbia 0.802 74.2 14.4 11.4 19,123 4 62
66 Thailand 0.800 78.7 15.9 m 8.7 17,030 6 64
HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
67 Albania 0.796 76.5 14.4 11.3 e 14,131 17 68
68 Bulgaria 0.795 71.8 13.9 11.4 23,079 -8 64
68 Grenada 0.795 74.9 18.7 c,e 9.0 l 13,484 18 70
70 Barbados 0.790 77.6 15.7 e 9.9 n 12,306 26 71
71 Antigua and Barbuda 0.788 78.5 14.2 e 9.3 j 16,792 2 71
72 Seychelles 0.785 71.3 13.9 10.3 25,831 -17 69
73 Sri Lanka 0.782 76.4 14.1 e 10.8 12,578 21 75
74 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.780 75.3 13.8 j 10.5 15,242 4 73
75 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.777 71.7 15.4 e 8.7 l 23,358 -16 76
76 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.774 73.9 14.6 10.6 e 13,001 15 77
77 Ukraine 0.773 71.6 15.0 e 11.1 n 13,256 11 78
78 North Macedonia 0.770 73.8 13.6 e 10.2 15,918 -3 79
79 China 0.768 78.2 14.2 e 7.6 n 17,504 -8 82
80 Dominican Republic 0.767 72.6 14.5 e 9.3 o 17,990 -11 82
80 Moldova (Republic of) 0.767 68.8 14.4 11.8 14,875 -1 81
80 Palau 0.767 66.0 15.8 e 12.5 p 13,819 5 80
83 Cuba 0.764 73.7 14.4 12.5 e 7,879 q 37 73
84 Peru 0.762 72.4 15.4 e 9.9 e 12,246 13 85
85 Armenia 0.759 72.0 13.1 11.3 13,158 4 87
86 Mexico 0.758 70.2 14.9 9.2 17,896 -16 88
87 Brazil 0.754 72.8 15.6 8.1 e 14,370 -5 86
88 Colombia 0.752 72.8 14.4 8.9 14,384 -7 88
89 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.751 69.6 14.7 e 10.8 11,961 11 82
90 Maldives 0.747 79.9 12.6 7.3 15,448 -14 97
91 Algeria 0.745 76.4 14.6 m 8.1 e 10,800 13 96
91 Azerbaijan 0.745 69.4 13.5 10.5 14,257 -8 100
91 Tonga 0.745 71.0 16.0 11.4 n 6,822 34 90
91 Turkmenistan 0.745 69.3 13.2 11.3 13,021 -1 93
95 Ecuador 0.740 73.7 14.6 8.8 10,312 11 99
96 Mongolia 0.739 71.0 15.0 9.4 10,588 9 90
97 Egypt 0.731 70.2 13.8 e 9.6 e 11,732 4 97
97 Tunisia 0.731 73.8 15.4 e 7.4 e 10,258 10 94
99 Fiji 0.730 67.1 14.7 e 10.9 e 9,980 9 94
99 Suriname 0.730 70.3 13.0 m 9.8 m 12,672 -6 92
101 Uzbekistan 0.727 70.9 12.5 11.9 7,917 18 107
102 Dominica 0.720 72.8 13.3 e 8.1 j 11,488 0 106
102 Jordan 0.720 74.3 10.6 10.4 9,924 8 104
104 Libya 0.718 71.9 12.9 l 7.6 r 15,336 -27 117
105 Paraguay 0.717 70.3 13.0 o 8.9 12,349 -10 100
106 Palestine, State of 0.715 73.5 13.4 9.9 6,583 21 109
106 Saint Lucia 0.715 71.1 12.9 8.5 12,048 -7 104
108 Guyana 0.714 65.7 12.5 e 8.6 22,465 -47 107
109 South Africa 0.713 62.3 13.6 11.4 12,948 -17 102
110 Jamaica 0.709 70.5 13.4 m 9.2 e 8,834 4 110
111 Samoa 0.707 72.8 12.4 11.4 5,308 24 112
112 Gabon 0.706 65.8 13.0 l 9.4 13,367 -25 113
112 Lebanon 0.706 75.0 11.3 p 8.7 l 9,526 -1 103
114 Indonesia 0.705 67.6 13.7 e 8.6 11,466 -11 116
115 Viet Nam 0.703 73.6 13.0 s 8.4 7,867 6 113
MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
116 Philippines 0.699 69.3 13.1 9.0 8,920 -3 113
117 Botswana 0.693 61.1 12.3 e 10.3 16,198 -43 110
118 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.692 63.6 14.9 9.8 8,111 0 119
118 Kyrgyzstan 0.692 70.0 13.2 11.4 n 4,566 26 121
120 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.691 70.6 12.8 p 11.1 e 4,811 t 20 118
121 Iraq 0.686 70.4 12.1 s 7.9 m 9,977 -12 122
122 Tajikistan 0.685 71.6 11.7 e 11.3 n 4,548 23 126
123 Belize 0.683 70.5 13.0 8.8 6,309 6 120
123 Morocco 0.683 74.0 14.2 5.9 7,303 1 122
125 El Salvador 0.675 70.7 12.7 o 7.2 8,296 -8 124
126 Nicaragua 0.667 73.8 12.6 o 7.1 5,625 6 129
127 Bhutan 0.666 71.8 13.2 e 5.2 e 9,438 -15 125
128 Cabo Verde 0.662 74.1 12.6 e 6.3 p 6,230 2 127
129 Bangladesh 0.661 72.4 12.4 7.4 5,472 4 128
130 Tuvalu 0.641 64.5 9.4 e 10.6 6,351 -2 131
131 Marshall Islands 0.639 65.3 10.2 10.9 4,620 12 131
132 India 0.633 67.2 11.9 6.7 n 6,590 -6 130
133 Ghana 0.632 63.8 12.0 8.3 n 5,745 -2 135
134 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.628 70.7 11.5 j 7.8 l 3,696 22 136
135 Guatemala 0.627 69.2 10.6 5.7 8,723 -20 133
136 Kiribati 0.624 67.4 11.8 8.0 s 4,063 14 137
137 Honduras 0.621 70.1 10.1 o 7.1 5,298 -1 138
138 Sao Tome and Principe 0.618 67.6 13.4 6.2 m 4,021 13 139
139 Namibia 0.615 59.3 11.9 u 7.2 n 8,634 -23 134
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.607 68.1 10.1 5.4 7,700 -18 142
140 Timor-Leste 0.607 67.7 12.6 p 5.4 4,461 7 140
140 Vanuatu 0.607 70.4 11.5 e 7.1 v 3,085 23 142
143 Nepal 0.602 68.4 12.9 5.1 n 3,877 10 144
144 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.597 57.1 13.7 e 5.6 7,679 -21 141
145 Equatorial Guinea 0.596 60.6 9.7 l 5.9 j 12,074 -47 147
146 Cambodia 0.593 69.6 11.5 w 5.1 4,079 3 148
146 Zimbabwe 0.593 59.3 12.1 e 8.7 e 3,810 9 145
148 Angola 0.586 61.6 12.2 5.4 5,466 -14 149
149 Myanmar 0.585 65.7 10.9 e 6.4 3,851 5 145
150 Syrian Arab Republic 0.577 72.1 9.2 5.1 l 4,192 x -2 152
151 Cameroon 0.576 60.3 13.1 e 6.2 n 3,621 6 150
152 Kenya 0.575 61.4 10.7 u 6.7 4,474 -6 150
153 Congo 0.571 63.5 12.3 e 6.2 2,889 11 153
154 Zambia 0.565 61.2 10.9 w 7.2 n 3,218 7 154
155 Solomon Islands 0.564 70.3 10.3 e 5.7 s 2,482 13 155
156 Comoros 0.558 63.4 11.9 e 5.1 l 3,142 6 156
156 Papua New Guinea 0.558 65.4 10.4 u 4.7 4,009 -4 157
158 Mauritania 0.556 64.4 9.4 4.9 n 5,075 -20 158
159 Côte d'Ivoire 0.550 58.6 10.7 5.2 n 5,217 -22 159
LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
160 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.549 66.2 9.2 6.4 e 2,664 7 160
161 Pakistan 0.544 66.1 8.7 4.5 4,624 -19 161
162 Togo 0.539 61.6 13.0 e 5.0 n 2,167 12 163
163 Haiti 0.535 63.2 9.7 p 5.6 2,848 2 162
163 Nigeria 0.535 52.7 10.1 u 7.2 w 4,790 -22 163
165 Rwanda 0.534 66.1 11.2 4.4 e 2,210 6 165
166 Benin 0.525 59.8 10.8 4.3 n 3,409 -7 166
166 Uganda 0.525 62.7 10.1 u 5.7 n 2,181 6 166
168 Lesotho 0.514 53.1 12.0 e 6.0 n 2,700 -2 168
169 Malawi 0.512 62.9 12.7 e 4.5 n 1,466 13 169
170 Senegal 0.511 67.1 9.0 2.9 e 3,344 -10 170
171 Djibouti 0.509 62.3 7.4 e 4.1 l 5,025 -32 171
172 Sudan 0.508 65.3 7.9 e 3.8 3,575 -14 171
173 Madagascar 0.501 64.5 10.1 e 5.1 u 1,484 8 173
174 Gambia 0.500 62.1 9.4 u 4.6 2,172 -1 173
175 Ethiopia 0.498 65.0 9.7 e 3.2 2,361 -5 175
176 Eritrea 0.492 66.5 8.1 e 4.9 y 1,729 z 3 176
177 Guinea-Bissau 0.483 59.7 10.6 m 3.6 1,908 0 177
178 Liberia 0.481 60.7 10.4 5.1 1,289 7 179
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.479 59.2 9.8 e 7.0 m 1,076 9 180
180 Afghanistan 0.478 62.0 10.3 e 3.0 1,824 -2 177
181 Sierra Leone 0.477 60.1 9.6 m 4.6 n 1,622 -1 181
182 Guinea 0.465 58.9 9.8 e 2.2 e 2,481 -13 182
183 Yemen 0.455 63.8 9.1 3.2 v 1,314 1 183
184 Burkina Faso 0.449 59.3 9.1 2.1 e 2,118 -8 185
185 Mozambique 0.446 59.3 10.2 e 3.2 e 1,198 2 184
186 Mali 0.428 58.9 7.4 e 2.3 2,133 -11 186
187 Burundi 0.426 61.7 10.7 e 3.1 e 732 4 187
188 Central African Republic 0.404 53.9 8.0 e 4.3 966 1 188
189 Niger 0.400 61.6 7.0 e 2.1 n 1,240 -3 189
190 Chad 0.394 52.5 8.0 e 2.6 u 1,364 -7 190
191 South Sudan 0.385 55.0 5.5 e 5.7 768 aa -1 191
OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. 73.3 10.8 p .. .. .. ..
Monaco .. 85.9 .. .. .. .. ..
Nauru .. 63.6 11.7 e .. 17,730 .. ..
Somalia .. 55.3 .. .. 1,018 .. ..
Human development groups
Very high human development 0.896 78.5 16.5 12.3 43,752 ? ?
High human development 0.754 74.7 14.2 8.3 15,167 ? ?
Medium human development 0.636 67.4 11.9 6.9 6,353 ? ?
Low human development 0.518 61.3 9.5 4.9 3,009 ? ?
Developing countries 0.685 69.9 12.3 7.5 10,704 ? ?
Regions
Arab States 0.708 70.9 12.4 8.0 13,501 ? ?
East Asia and the Pacific 0.749 75.6 13.8 7.8 15,580 ? ?
Europe and Central Asia 0.796 72.9 15.4 10.6 19,352 ? ?
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.754 72.1 14.8 9.0 14,521 ? ?
South Asia 0.632 67.9 11.6 6.7 6,481 ? ?
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.547 60.1 10.3 6.0 3,699 ? ?
Least developed countries 0.540 64.2 10.2 5.2 2,881 ? ?
Small island developing states 0.730 70.3 12.4 9.1 16,782 ? ?
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 0.899 79.0 16.5 12.3 45,087 ? ?
World 0.732 71.4 12.8 8.6 16,752 ? ?
Notes
a. Data refer to 2021 or the most recent year available.
b. Based on countries for which a Human Development Index value is calculated.
c. In calculating the HDI value, expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years.
d. In calculating the HDI value, life expectancy at birth is capped at 85 years.
e. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
f. In calculating the HDI value, GNI per capita is capped at $75,000.
g. Updated by HDRO based on data from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development for various years.
h. Estimated using the purchasing power parity (PPP) rate and projected growth rate of Switzerland.
i. Updated by HDRO based on data from OECD (2022) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
j. Based on data from the national statistical office.
k. Estimated using the PPP rate of Spain.
l. Based on cross-country regression.
m. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years.
n. Updated by HDRO based on data from Barro and Lee (2018) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
o. Updated by HDRO based on data from CEDLAS and World Bank (2022) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
p. Updated by HDRO based on data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics for various years.
q. HDRO estimate based on cross-country regression and the projected growth rate from UNDESA (2022b).
r. Updated by HDRO using projections from Barro and Lee (2018).
s. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years.
t. IMF (2021) and UNDESA (2022b).
u. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various years and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
v. Based on projections from Barro and Lee (2018).
w. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various years.
x. HDRO estimate based on data from UNDESA (2022b), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) and World Bank (2022).
y. HDRO estimate based on cross-country regression and data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022).
z. HDRO estimate based on data from IMF (2022), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) and World Bank (2022).
aa. HDRO estimate based on data from IMF (2022) and United Nations Statistics Division (2022).
Definitions
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development?a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.
Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant's life.
Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child's life.
Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older, converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level.
Gross national income (GNI) per capita: Aggregate income of an economy generated by its production and its ownership of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the use of factors of production owned by the rest of the world, converted to international dollars using PPP rates, divided by midyear population.
GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank: Difference in ranking by GNI per capita and by HDI value. A negative value means that the country is better ranked by GNI than by HDI value.
HDI rank for 2020: Ranking by HDI value for 2020, calculated using the same most recently revised data available in 2022 that were used to calculate HDI values for 2020.
Main data sources
Columns 1 and 7: HDRO calculations based on data from Barro and Lee (2018), IMF (2022), UNDESA (2022a), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) and World Bank (2022).
Column 2: UNDESA (2022a).
Column 3: CEDLAS and World Bank (2022), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
Column 4: Barro and Lee (2018), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, OECD (2022), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022) and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
Column 5: IMF (2022), UNDESA (2022b), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) and World Bank (2022).
Column 6: Calculated based on data in columns 1 and 5.
Source

Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2022

Source:  United Nations Development Programme

The Human Development Report is a reliable source and an alternative perspective on critical issues for human development worldwide. Featuring the Human Development Index, every report presents agenda-setting data and analysis and calls international attention to issues and policy options that put people at the center of strategies to meet the challenges of development today - economic, social, political, and cultural.
Last update in UNdata: 2022/12/12
Next update in UNdata: 2023/12/01
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