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General Information

Region		Central Asia
Population (000, 2025)		7 619^a
Pop. density (per km2, 2025)		16.2^a
Capital city		Ashgabat
Capital city pop. (000, 2025)		828.1^d
UN membership date		2 March 1992
Surface area (km2)		488 100^b
Sex ratio (m per 100 f)		96.5^a
National currency		Turkmen. Manat (TMT)^c
Exchange rate (per US$)		3.5^e,f

Economic indicators

	2015	2020	2025
GDP: Gross domestic product (million current US$)	36 052	45 818	59 887^b
GDP growth rate (annual %, const. 2015 prices)	3	5.9	6.3^b
GDP per capita (current US$)	5 800.0	6 593.0	8 132.0^b
Economy: Agriculture (% of Gross Value Added)	9.4	11.7	11.9^b
Economy: Industry (% of Gross Value Added)	55.1	38.1	39.1^b
Economy: Services and other activity (% of GVA)	35.5	50.1	49^b
Employment in agriculture^g (% of employed)	26.7	23.5	22.2^b
Employment in industry^g (% of employed)	31	33.2	33.7^b
Employment in services^g (% employed)	42.4	43.4	44.1^b
Unemployment^g (% of labour force)	4	4.5	4.5
Labour force participation rate^g (female/male pop. %)	49.0 / 47.4	47.4 / 45.6	48.6 / 46.4
Agricultural production index (2014-2016=100)	97	119	110^b
International trade: exports^g (million current US$)	9 666	6 477	12 533^f
International trade: imports^g (million current US$)	6 193	3 223	3 888^f
International trade: balance^g (million current US$)	3 473	3 253	8 645^f

Social indicators

	2015	2020	2025
Population growth rate (average annual %)	2.3	2.1	1.6^a
Urban population (% of total population)	50.3	52^d	...
Urban population growth rate (average annual %)	2.5^h	...	...
Fertility rate, total (live births per woman)	3	2.8	2.6^a
Life expectancy at birth (females/males, years)	72.1 / 65.7	71.9 / 65.4	73.2 / 67.1^a
Population age distributionⁱ (0-14/60+ years old, %)	29.7 / 5.9	31.2 / 6.8	31.2 / 8.2^a
International migrant stock^j (000/% of total pop.)	196.4 / 3.2	194.9 / 2.8	193.8 / 2.6^f
Refugees and others of concern to UNHCR (000)	7.2	3.8	6.3^k,f
Under five mortality rate (per 1000 live births)	42.6	41.8	34.8^a
Health: Current expenditure (% of GDP)	5	5.6	5.4^l
Health: Physicians (per 1 000 pop.)	2	2	1.9^b
Education: Primary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	... / ...	99.3 / 100.7	97.2 / 97.4^b
Education: Lowr. sec. gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	... / ...	90.5 / 88.1	... / ...
Education: Upr. Sec. gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	... / ...	79.3 / 77.9	... / ...
Intentional homicide rate (per 100 000 pop.)	1	...	...
Seats held by women in national parliaments (%)	25.8	25^m	25.6^m

Environment and infrastructure indicators

	2015	2020	2025
Individuals using the Internet^g (per 100 inhabitants)	15	21.3ⁿ	...
Threatened species (number)	49	59	60^f
Forested area (% of land area)	8.8^g	8.8	8.8^l
CO2 emission estimates (million tons/tons per capita)	59.3 / 9.5	60.1 / 8.6	101.3 / 14.0^l
Energy production, primary (Petajoules)	3 407	3 251	3 580^l
Energy supply per capita (Gigajoules)	156	143	236^l
Important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected (%)	14.9	14.9	15.9^f
Pop. using safely managed drinking water (urban/rural, %)	96.4 / 85.1	97.1 / 92.3	97.1 / 92.3^l
Net Official Development Assist. received (% of GNI)	0.07	0.08	0.06^b

Footnotes

a		Projected est. (medium fertility variant).
b		2023
c		Turkmenistan New Manat.
d		2019
e		UN operational exchange rate.
f		2024
g		Estimate.
h		Data refers to a 5-year period preceding the reference year.
i		Calculated by the UN Statistics Division.
j		Including refugees.
k		In January 2024, the Government of Turkmenistan released first time ever official statistical information on stateless persons. Previously, in the absence of official data, the figure reported refers to stateless persons and persons with undetermined nationality identified by UNHCR partner organizations in Turkmenistan. Given the discrepancies between partner organizations figures and official figures as of 31 Dec 2023, UNHCR plans to continue crosschecking of partners’ database with the Turkmen authorities in 2024 in order to ensure accurate reporting for 2024. The decrease in the reported figure corresponds to those people who were naturalized or who had another nationality confirmed. Based on reports from international organizations, UNHCR estimates that there are approximately 3,600 Afghan nationals residing in Turkmenistan who are likely in need of international protection
l		2022
m		Data at 1 January of the reporting year.
n		2017