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General Information

Region		Eastern Africa
Population (000, 2021)		3 602^a
Pop. density (per km2, 2021)		35.7^a
Capital city		Asmara
Capital city pop. (000, 2021)		928.8^b
UN membership date		28-May-93
Surface area (km2)		121 144^b
Sex ratio (m per 100 f)		100.5^a
National currency		Nakfa (ERN)
Exchange rate (per US$)		15.1^c

Economic indicators

	2010	2015	2021
GDP: Gross domestic product (million current US$)	1 590	2 013	1 982^b
GDP growth rate (annual %, const. 2015 prices)	10.9	-20.6	3.8^b
GDP per capita (current US$)	501.4	602.2	566.7^b
Economy: Agriculture (% of Gross Value Added)	19.1	17.2	17.3^b
Economy: Industry (% of Gross Value Added)	30.9	31.2	31.3^b
Economy: Services and other activity (% of GVA)	50	51.6	51.4^b
Employment in agriculture^d (% of employed)	64.7	63.1	60.8^c
Employment in industry^d (% of employed)	9.1	8.5	8.5^c
Employment in services^d (% employed)	26.3	28.4	30.7^c
Unemployment^d (% of labour force)	5.4	5.3	5.2^c
Labour force participation rate^d (female/male pop. %)	71.4 / 83.0	71.6 / 86.1	71.4 / 85.3^c
Agricultural production index (2014-2016=100)	96	99	102^b
International trade: exports^d (million current US$)	13	15	18^c
International trade: imports^d (million current US$)	1 187	2 801	6 740^c
International trade: balance^d (million current US$)	- 1 175	- 2 786	- 6 722^c

Social indicators

	2010	2015	2021
Population growth rate^e (average annual %)	2.3	1.1	1.2^c
Urban population (% of total population)	35.2	38.2	40.7^b
Urban population growth rate^e (average annual %)	4.5	3.6	...
Fertility rate, total^e (live births per woman)	4.8	4.4	4.1^c
Life expectancy at birth^e (females/males, years)	62.7 / 58.7	65.6 / 61.4	68.0 / 63.6^c
Population age distribution (0-14/60+ years old, %)	39.5 / 6.2	42.3 / 6.5	40.7 / 6.4^a
International migrant stock^d,f (000/% of total pop.)	15.8 / 0.5	15.9 / 0.5	13.9 / 0.4^c
Refugees and others of concern to UNHCR (000)	5^g	3	0.2^c
Infant mortality rate^e (per 1 000 live births)	51.6	45	34.7^c
Health: Current expenditure^d (% of GDP)	4.9	4.5	4.1^h
Education: Government expenditure (% of GDP)	2.1ⁱ	...	...
Education: Primary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	76.9 / 90.2	70.4 / 81.7	63.1 / 73.6^h
Education: Secondary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	45.1 / 58.8	47.5 / 56.0	45.4 / 49.9^h
Education: Upper secondary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	28.1 / 39.5	36.5 / 42.8	29.6 / 31.3^h
Seats held by women in national parliaments (%)	22	22	22^b

Environment and infrastructure indicators

	2010	2015	2021
Individuals using the Internet^d (per 100 inhabitants)	0.6	1.1	1.3^j
Threatened species (number)	97	113	154
Forested area^d (% of land area)	10.8	10.6	10.5^h
CO2 emission estimates (million tons/tons per capita)	0.5 / 0.2	0.6 / 0.1	0.7 / 0.1^h
Energy production, primary (Petajoules)	24	26	27^h
Energy supply per capita (Gigajoules)	10	10	11^h
Tourist/visitor arrivals at national borders^k (000)	84	114	142^l
Important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected (%)	13.3	13.3	13.3^c
Net Official Development Assist. received (% of GNI)	10.34	...	...

Footnotes

a		Projected estimate (medium fertility variant).
b		2019
c		2020
d		Estimate.
e		Data refers to a 5-year period preceding the reference year.
f		Including refugees.
g		Data as at the end of December.
h		2018
i		2006
j		2017
k		Including nationals residing abroad.
l		2016