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General Information

Region		Eastern Africa
Population (000, 2025)		3 607^a
Pop. density (per km2, 2025)		29.8^a
Capital city		Asmara
Capital city pop. (000, 2025)		928.8^c
UN membership date		28 May 1993
Surface area (km2)		121 144^b
Sex ratio (m per 100 f)		97.6^a
National currency		Nakfa (ERN)
Exchange rate (per US$)		15.1^d

Economic indicators

	2015	2020	2025
GDP: Gross domestic product^e (million current US$)	2 013	2 112	2 275^b
GDP growth rate^e (annual %, const. 2015 prices)	-20.6	-0.5	2.8^b
GDP per capita^e (current US$)	648	642	656^b
Economy: Agriculture^e (% of Gross Value Added)	17.2	17.3	17.3^b
Economy: Industry^e (% of Gross Value Added)	31.2	31.3	31.3^b
Economy: Services and other activity^e (% of GVA)	51.6	51.4	51.4^b
Employment in agriculture^f (% of employed)	64.2	61.9	60.9^b
Employment in industry^f (% of employed)	8.5	8.9	9.1^b
Employment in services^f (% employed)	27.2	29.2	30.1^b
Unemployment^f (% of labour force)	5.5	6.1	5.5
Labour force participation rate^f (female/male pop. %)	72.9 / 85.5	71.4 / 83.1	72.3 / 84.3
Agricultural production index (2014-2016=100)	99	105	106^b
International trade: exports^f (million current US$)	415	1 233	560^d
International trade: imports^f (million current US$)	447	352	523^d
International trade: balance^f (million current US$)	-32	880	37^d

Social indicators

	2015	2020	2025
Population growth rate (average annual %)	0.7	1.8	2.1^a
Urban population (% of total population)	38.2	40.7^c	...
Urban population growth rate (average annual %)	3.6^g	...	...
Fertility rate, total (live births per woman)	4.2	3.9	3.6^a
Life expectancy at birth (females/males, years)	67.9 / 63.9	69.3 / 64.6	71.2 / 67.0^a
Population age distribution^h (0-14/60+ years old, %)	42.1 / 5.8	40.4 / 6.1	37.6 / 6.5^a
International migrant stock^f,i (000/% of total pop.)	15.9 / 0.5	13.9 / 0.4	12.5 / 0.4^d
Refugees and others of concern to UNHCR (000)	3	0.2	0.1^d
Under five mortality rate (per 1000 live births)	46.5	39.2	32.6^a
Health: Current expenditure^j,k (% of GDP)	4.5	4.3	3.9^l
Health: Physicians (per 1 000 pop.)	0.1	0.1	0.1^l
Education: Primary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	75.2 / 89.5	71.0 / 84.7^c	82.4 / 96.9^l
Education: Lowr. sec. gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	56.2 / 67.8	63.1 / 72.5^c	59.9 / 73.4^l
Education: Upr. Sec. gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	30.5 / 36.3	27.4 / 29.0^c	25.1 / 27.9^l
Intentional homicide rate (per 100 000 pop.)	15.6^m	...	...
Seats held by women in national parliaments (%)	22	22^c	...

Environment and infrastructure indicators

	2015	2020	2025
Individuals using the Internet^f (per 100 inhabitants)	1.1	14.3	20^b
Threatened species (number)	113	143	244^d
Forested area (% of land area)	8.8	8.7	8.7^l
CO2 emission estimates (million tons/tons per capita)	0.5 / 0.2	0.6 / 0.2	0.7 / 0.2^l
Energy production, primary (Petajoules)	29	31	32^f,l
Energy supply per capita (Gigajoules)	11	12	12^f,l
Tourist/visitor arrivals at national bordersⁿ (000)	114	142^o	...
Important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected (%)	0	0	0^d
Net Official Development Assist. received (% of GNI)	4.72	3	2.7^l

Footnotes

a		Projected est. (medium fertility variant).
b		2023
c		2019
d		2024
e		Data compiled in accordance with the System of National Accounts 1968 (1968 SNA).
f		Estimate.
g		Data refers to a 5-year period preceding the reference year.
h		Calculated by the UN Statistics Division.
i		Including refugees.
j		Based on calendar year (January 1 to December 31).
k		Est. should be viewed with caution as these are derived from scarce data.
l		2022
m		2012
n		Including nationals residing abroad.
o		2016