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General Information

Economic indicators

	2015	2020	2025
GDP: Gross domestic product (million current US$)	23 312	31 821	41 291^b
GDP growth rate (annual %, const. 2015 prices)	1.8	-2.9	-3^b
GDP per capita (current US$)	17 733.0	23 931.0	30 201.0^b
Economy: Agriculture^e,f (% of Gross Value Added)	3.2	2.2	2.2^b
Economy: Industry^e,g (% of Gross Value Added)	26.7	24.8	24.6^b
Economy: Services and other activity^e,h (% of GVA)	70.1	73	73.2^b
Employment in agricultureⁱ (% of employed)	4	3.1	2.6^b
Employment in industryⁱ (% of employed)	31.3	29.7	27.4^b
Employment in servicesⁱ (% employed)	64.7	67.2	70^b
Unemployment (% of labour force)	6.4	7	7.6ⁱ
Labour force participation rate (female/male pop. %)	55.7 / 69.0	57.1 / 69.8	60.5 / 70.0ⁱ
CPI: Consumer Price Index (2010=100)	112	122	172^d
Agricultural production index (2014-2016=100)	111	108	95^b
International trade: exports^j (million current US$)	13 908	16 902	19 773^d
International trade: imports^j (million current US$)	15 732	17 764	22 672^d
International trade: balance^j (million current US$)	- 1 824	-863	- 2 899^d
Balance of payments, current account (million US$)	341	-869	-490^d

Social indicators

	2015	2020	2025
Population growth rate (average annual %)	0.2	0.1	-1.4^a
Urban population (% of total population)	68.4	69.1^c	...
Urban population growth rate (average annual %)	-0.2^k	...	...
Fertility rate, total (live births per woman)	1.6	1.6	1.4^a
Life expectancy at birth (females/males, years)	81.8 / 73.1	82.9 / 74.5	83.3 / 75.4^a
Population age distribution^l (0-14/60+ years old, %)	16.0 / 25.2	16.4 / 26.6	15.3 / 28.1^a
International migrant stock (000/% of total pop.)	194.7 / 14.8	199.3 / 15.0	203.0 / 14.9^d
Refugees and others of concern to UNHCR (000)	86.8	74.6	105.5^m,d
Under five mortality rate (per 1000 live births)	3.4	2	2.2^a
Health: Current expenditure (% of GDP)	6.6	7.6ⁿ	7^o
Health: Physicians (per 1 000 pop.)	3.4	3.5	3.5^o
Education: Primary gross enrol. ratioⁱ (f/m per 100 pop.)	97.1 / 97.2	98.0 / 98.6	98.2 / 98.4^b
Education: Lowr. sec. gross enrol. ratio ⁱ (f/m per 100 pop.)	101.7 / 103.8	102.4 / 103.1	101.4 / 102.5^b
Education: Upr. Sec. gross enrol. ratioⁱ (f/m per 100 pop.)	115.4 / 112.0	129.1 / 118.1	121.1 / 110.5^b
Intentional homicide rate (per 100 000 pop.)	3.4	3.2	1.5^b
Seats held by women in national parliaments (%)	19.8	28.7^p	28.7^p

Environment and infrastructure indicators

	2015	2020	2025
Individuals using the Internet^q (per 100 inhabitants)	88.4	89.1	93.2^b
Research & Development expenditure (% of GDP)	1.5	1.8	1.8^r
Threatened species (number)	17	48	73^d
Forested area (% of land area)	55.7	57	57.1^o
CO2 emission estimates (million tons/tons per capita)	16.1 / 12.2	11.1 / 8.4	13.7 / 10.1^o
Energy production, primary (Petajoules)	205	184	196^o
Energy supply per capita (Gigajoules)	155	142	149^o
Tourist/visitor arrivals at national borders^s (000)	2 961	1 023	2 166^o
Important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected (%)	94.8	94.8	94.9^d
Pop. using safely managed sanitation (urban/rural, %)	96.4 / ...	97.3 / ...	97.7 / ...^o
Net Official Development Assist. disbursed^t (% of GNI)	0.15	0.17	1.05^b

Footnotes

a		Projected est. (medium fertility variant).
b		2023
c		2019
d		2024
e		Data classified according to ISIC Rev. 4.
f		Exc. irrigation canals and landscaping care.
g		Exc. publishing activities. Inc. irrigation canals.
h		Inc. publishing activities and landscape care. Exc. repair of personal and household goods.
i		Estimate.
j		General Extra-EU/Special Intra-EU
k		Data refers to a 5-year period preceding the reference year.
l		Calculated by the UN Statistics Division.
m		Most stateless people have permanent residence and enjoy more rights than foreseen in the 1954 Convention.
n		Break in the time series.
o		2022
p		Data at 1 January of the reporting year.
q		Population aged 16 to 74 years.
r		2021
s		Based on mobile positioning data by the Bank of Estonia and Positium LBS.
t		Development Assistance Committee member (OECD).