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General Information

Region		South-eastern Asia
Population (000, 2021)		98 169^a
Pop. density (per km2, 2021)		316.6^a
Capital city		Hanoi
Capital city pop. (000, 2021)		4 479.6^c,b
UN membership date		20-Sep-77
Surface area (km2)		331 236^b
Sex ratio (m per 100 f)		99.7^a
National currency		Dong (VND)
Exchange rate (per US$)		23 131.0^d

Economic indicators

	2010	2015	2021
GDP: Gross domestic product (million current US$)	115 932	193 241	261 921^b
GDP growth rate (annual %, const. 2015 prices)	6.4	6.7	7^b
GDP per capita (current US$)	1 317.9	2 085.1	2 715.3^b
Economy: Agriculture^e (% of Gross Value Added)	21	18.9	15.5^b
Economy: Industry (% of Gross Value Added)	36.7	37	38.3^b
Economy: Services and other activity^f (% of GVA)	42.2	44.2	46.2^b
Employment in agriculture (% of employed)	48.7	44	36.2^g,d
Employment in industry (% of employed)	21.7	22.7	28.4^g,d
Employment in services (% employed)	29.6	33.2	35.4^g,d
Unemployment^g (% of labour force)	1.1	2.1	2^d
Labour force participation rate^g (female/male pop. %)	71.4 / 81.4	73.3 / 83.3	72.6 / 82.2^d
CPI: Consumer Price Index (2010=100)	100	145	169^d
Agricultural production index (2014-2016=100)	84	101	105^b
International trade: exports (million current US$)	72 237	162 017	282 817^g,d
International trade: imports (million current US$)	84 839	165 776	262 001^g,d
International trade: balance (million current US$)	- 12 602	- 3 759	20 816^g,d
Balance of payments, current account (million US$)	- 4 276	- 2 041	13 101^b

Social indicators

	2010	2015	2021
Population growth rate^h (average annual %)	1	1	1^d
Urban population (% of total population)	30.4	33.8	36.6^b
Urban population growth rate^h (average annual %)	3.1	3.2	...
Fertility rate, total^h (live births per woman)	1.9	2	2.1^d
Life expectancy at birth^h (females/males, years)	78.7 / 70.4	79.1 / 70.8	79.4 / 71.2^d
Population age distribution (0-14/60+ years old, %)	23.6 / 8.8	23.0 / 10.2	23.2 / 12.8^a
International migrant stock^i,j (000/% of total pop.)	61.8 / 0.1	72.8 / 0.1	76.8 / 0.1^d
Refugees and others of concern to UNHCR (000)	12.1^k	11	30.6^d
Infant mortality rate^h (per 1 000 live births)	19	17.9	16.7^d
Health: Current expenditure (% of GDP)	6	5.7	5.9^g,l
Health: Physicians (per 1 000 pop.)	0.7	0.8	0.8^m
Education: Government expenditure (% of GDP)	5.1	5.7ⁿ	4.2^l
Education: Primary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	103.2 / 108.1	110.1 / 109.7	116.7 / 114.3^b
Intentional homicide rate (per 100 000 pop.)	1.5	1.5^o	...
Seats held by women in national parliaments (%)	25.8	24.3	26.7^p

Environment and infrastructure indicators

	2010	2015	2021
Individuals using the Internet (per 100 inhabitants)	30.6	45^g,q	68.7^b
Research & Development expenditure (% of GDP)	...	0.4	0.5^r
Threatened species (number)	424	565	803
Forested area^g (% of land area)	43.2	45.4	46.7^l
CO2 emission estimates (million tons/tons per capita)	126.7 / 1.4	182.6 / 2.0	226.5 / 2.4^l
Energy production, primary (Petajoules)	2 747	3 035	2 553^l
Energy supply per capita (Gigajoules)	27	32	31^l
Tourist/visitor arrivals at national borders^s (000)	5 050	7 944	18 009^b
Important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected (%)	31.1	40	40^d
Net Official Development Assist. received (% of GNI)	2.48	1.73	0.45^b

Footnotes

a		Projected estimate (medium fertility variant).
b		2019
c		Refers to urban population in the city districts.
d		2020
e		Excludes irrigation canals and landscaping care.
f		Excludes repair of personal and household goods.
g		Estimate.
h		Data refers to a 5-year period preceding the reference year.
i		Refers to foreign citizens.
j		Including refugees.
k		Data as at the end of December.
l		2018
m		2016
n		2013
o		2011
p		Data are as at 1 January of reporting year.
q		Population aged 18 years and over.
r		2017
s		Including nationals residing abroad.