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General Information

Economic indicators

	2015	2020	2025
GDP: Gross domestic product (million current US$)	864 314	720 338	1 118 253^b
GDP growth rate (annual %, const. 2015 prices)	6.1	1.9	5.1^b
GDP per capita (current US$)	10 802.0	8 367.0	12 814.0^b
Economy: Agriculture^f,g (% of Gross Value Added)	7.8	7.5	6.9^b
Economy: Industry^f,h (% of Gross Value Added)	31.6	31.5	32^b
Economy: Services and other activity^f,i (% of GVA)	60.6	61	61^b
Employment in agriculture^j (% of employed)	20.4	17.6	14.6^b
Employment in industry^j (% of employed)	27.2	26.2	27.6^b
Employment in services^j (% employed)	52.4	56.2	57.8^b
Unemployment (% of labour force)	10.3	13.1	8.8^j
Labour force participation rate (female/male pop. %)	31.4 / 71.4	30.8 / 68.1	36.8 / 71.7^j
CPI: Consumer Price Index (2010=100)	146^j	263	1 323^e
Agricultural production index (2014-2016=100)	102	119	127^b
International trade: exports^k (million current US$)	150 982	169 658	261 789^e
International trade: imports^k (million current US$)	213 619	219 514	344 013^e
International trade: balance^k (million current US$)	- 62 637	- 49 856	- 82 224^e
Balance of payments, current account (million US$)	- 21 354	- 30 976	- 9 973^e

Social indicators

	2015	2020	2025
Population growth rate (average annual %)	2.5	0.8	0.2^a
Urban population (% of total population)	73.6	75.6^d	...
Urban population growth rate (average annual %)	2.4^l	...	...
Fertility rate, total (live births per woman)	2.2	1.8	1.6^a
Life expectancy at birth (females/males, years)	79.7 / 73.5	79.9 / 73.4	80.8 / 74.9^a
Population age distribution^m (0-14/60+ years old, %)	23.9 / 11.5	22.8 / 13.0	21.0 / 15.5^a
International migrant stockⁿ (000/% of total pop.)	3 751.0 / 4.7	6 580.3 / 7.6	7 083.5 / 8.1^e
Refugees and others of concern to UNHCR (000)	1 985.3	3 905.7	3 343.7^e
Under five mortality rate (per 1000 live births)	13.4	10.6	10.4^a
Health: Current expenditure^o,p (% of GDP)	4.1	4.6	3.7^q
Health: Physicians (per 1 000 pop.)	1.8	2	2.2^q
Education: Primary gross enrol. ratio^j (f/m per 100 pop.)	107.6 / 107.0	103.0 / 103.6	102.1 / 102.8^q
Education: Lowr. sec. gross enrol. ratio ^j (f/m per 100 pop.)	108.8 / 105.5	112.2 / 109.0	104.0 / 102.5^q
Education: Upr. Sec. gross enrol. ratio^j (f/m per 100 pop.)	104.8 / 109.8	110.8 / 118.2	125.0 / 132.8^q
Intentional homicide rate (per 100 000 pop.)	2.8	2.5	3.2^b
Seats held by women in national parliaments (%)	14.4	17.3^r	19.9^r

Environment and infrastructure indicators

	2015	2020	2025
Individuals using the Internet^s (per 100 inhabitants)	53.7^t	77.7	87.3^e
Research & Development expenditure (% of GDP)	0.9	1.4	1.4^u
Threatened species (number)	370	435	455^e
Forested area (% of land area)	28.1	28.9	29.3^q
CO2 emission estimates (million tons/tons per capita)	327.6 / 4.1	364.3 / 4.2	389.4 / 4.5^q
Energy production, primary (Petajoules)	1 317	1 826	2 113^q
Energy supply per capita (Gigajoules)	67	71	75^q
Tourist/visitor arrivals at national borders^v (000)	39 478	15 894	50 453^q
Important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected (%)	2.3	2.3	2.3^e
Pop. using safely managed sanitation (urban/rural, %)	63.5 / 67.3	73.8 / 78.2	78.0 / 81.1^q
Net Official Development Assist. disbursed^w (% of GNI)	0.65	1.16^d	0.6^b
Net Official Development Assist. received (% of GNI)	0.25	0.08	0.14^b

Footnotes

a		Projected est. (medium fertility variant).
b		2023
c		Refers to Altindag, Cankaya, Etimesgut, Golbasi, Keçioren, Mamak, Sincan and Yenimahalle.
d		2019
e		2024
f		Data classified according to ISIC Rev. 4.
g		Exc. irrigation canals and landscaping care.
h		Exc. publishing activities. Inc. irrigation canals.
i		Inc. publishing activities and landscape care. Exc. repair of personal and household goods.
j		Estimate.
k		Special trade system up to 2012.
l		Data refers to a 5-year period preceding the reference year.
m		Calculated by the UN Statistics Division.
n		Including refugees.
o		Country is still reporting data based on SHA 1.0.
p		Based on calendar year (January 1 to December 31).
q		2022
r		Data at 1 January of the reporting year.
s		Population aged 16 to 74 years.
t		Users in the last 12 months.
u		2021
v		Turkish citizens resident abroad are included.
w		Türkiye reports support to refugees in Türkiye against type of aid C01 "project-type interventions" instead of H02 "in-donor refugee costs".