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General Information

Economic indicators

	2010	2015	2021
GDP: Gross domestic product (million current US$)	9 983	11 323	14 105^b
GDP growth rate (annual %, const. 2015 prices)	0.6	3.1	4.4^b
GDP per capita (current US$)	472	467.2	523^b
Economy: Agriculture (% of Gross Value Added)	30.3	27	24.1^b
Economy: Industry (% of Gross Value Added)	18.8	19.9	23.6^b
Economy: Services and other activity (% of GVA)	50.9	53.2	52.3^b
Employment in agriculture^d (% of employed)	73.4	66.4	63.8^c
Employment in industry^d (% of employed)	6	8.4	9.1^c
Employment in services^d (% employed)	20.6	25.1	27.1^c
Unemployment^d (% of labour force)	4.3	1.8	1.8^c
Labour force participation rate^d (female/male pop. %)	87.1 / 91.0	83.5 / 89.6	83.4 / 89.0^c
CPI: Consumer Price Index (2010=100)	100	140	130^e,f,g,c
Agricultural production index (2014-2016=100)	103	99	104^b
International trade: exports (million current US$)	1 082	2 164	2 005^d,c
International trade: imports (million current US$)	2 546	2 961	2 968^d,c
International trade: balance (million current US$)	- 1 464	-796	-963^d,c
Balance of payments, current account (million US$)	-893	-256	-331^b

Social indicators

	2010	2015	2021
Population growth rate^h (average annual %)	2.9	2.7	2.7^c
Urban population (% of total population)	31.9	35.2	37.9^b
Urban population growth rate^h (average annual %)	4.9	4.7	...
Fertility rate, total^h (live births per woman)	4.8	4.4	4.1^c
Life expectancy at birth^h (females/males, years)	63.7 / 60.8	66.0 / 63.0	68.1 / 64.9^c
Population age distribution (0-14/60+ years old, %)	43.5 / 4.3	41.6 / 4.6	39.8 / 5.1^a
International migrant stock^i,j (000/% of total pop.)	28.9 / 0.1	32.1 / 0.1	35.6 / 0.1^c
Refugees and others of concern to UNHCR (000)	~0.0^k	~0.0	0.3^c
Infant mortality rate^h (per 1 000 live births)	45.5	36.8	29^c
Health: Current expenditure^l (% of GDP)	5.3	5.7	4.8^m
Health: Physicians (per 1 000 pop.)	0.2	0.2ⁿ	...
Education: Government expenditure (% of GDP)	2.8^o	2.2^d	2.8^d,m
Education: Primary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	142.4 / 145.0	147.3 / 147.3	135.2 / 132.9^b
Education: Secondary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	29.7 / 31.6^o	38.3 / 38.7^d	35.2 / 34.0^b
Education: Upper secondary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	13.6 / 15.6^o	22.1 / 23.8^d	22.1 / 22.2^b
Seats held by women in national parliaments (%)	7.9^o	20.5	17.9^p

Environment and infrastructure indicators

	2010	2015	2021
Individuals using the Internet^d (per 100 inhabitants)	1.7	4.2	4.7^q
Research & Development expenditure^r (% of GDP)	0.1	~0.0^e,s,n	~0.0^s,t
Threatened species (number)	663	965	3 664
Forested area^d (% of land area)	21.6	21.5	21.4^m
Energy production, primary (Petajoules)	174^d	209	278^d,m
Energy supply per capita (Gigajoules)	9^d	10	13^d,m
Tourist/visitor arrivals at national borders^u (000)	196	244	384^b
Important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected (%)	24.4	25.2	27.2^c
Pop. using safely managed drinking water (urban/rural, %)	28.2 / 7.0	33.0 / 8.7	38.2 / 9.5^c
Pop. using safely managed sanitation (urban/rural %)	11.0 / 5.2	12.7 / 6.6	14.2 / 8.0^c
Net Official Development Assist. received (% of GNI)	4.85	6.19	5.37^b

a		Projected estimate (medium fertility variant).
b		2019
c		2020
d		Estimate.
e		Break in the time series.
f		Data refer to 7 cities only.
g		Base: 2016 = 100
h		Data refers to a 5-year period preceding the reference year.
i		Refers to foreign citizens.
j		Including refugees.
k		Data as at the end of December.
l		Data revision.
m		2018
n		2014
o		2009
p		Data are as at 1 January of reporting year.
q		2016
r		Partial data.
s		Government only.
t		2017
u		Arrivals of non-resident tourists by air.