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General Information

Region		Eastern Africa
Population (000, 2024)		3 536^a
Pop. density (per km2, 2024)		29.2^a
Capital city		Asmara
Capital city pop. (000, 2024)		928.8^c
UN membership date		28 May 1993
Surface area (km2)		121 144^b
Sex ratio (m per 100 f)		97.5^a
National currency		Nakfa (ERN)
Exchange rate (per US$)		15.1^d

Economic indicators

	2015	2020	2024
GDP: Gross domestic product^e (million current US$)	2 013	2 112	2 383^b
GDP growth rate (annual %, const. 2015 prices)	-20.6	-0.5	2.6^b
GDP per capita^e (current US$)	602.8	594	646.9^b
Economy: Agriculture^e (% of Gross Value Added)	17.2	17.3	17.3^b
Economy: Industry^e (% of Gross Value Added)	31.2	31.3	31.3^b
Economy: Services and other activity^e (% of GVA)	51.6	51.4	51.4^b
Employment in agriculture^f (% of employed)	66.5	64.7	64^b
Employment in industry^f (% of employed)	8.7	8.8	9^b
Employment in services^f (% employed)	24.8	26.5	27^b
Unemployment^f (% of labour force)	6	6.5	5.8
Labour force participation rate^f (female/male pop. %)	71.5 / 86.3	70.2 / 84.4	71.4 / 85.6
Agricultural production index (2014-2016=100)	99	105	106^b
International trade: exports^f (million current US$)	415	1 231	475^d
International trade: imports^f (million current US$)	447	352	492^d
International trade: balance^f (million current US$)	-32	879	-18^d

Social indicators

	2015	2020	2024
Population growth rate (average annual %)	0.7	1.8	1.9^a
Urban population (% of total population)	38.2	40.7^c	...
Urban population growth rate (average annual %)	3.6^g	...	...
Fertility rate, total (live births per woman)	4.2	3.9	3.7^a
Life expectancy at birth (females/males, years)	67.9 / 63.9	69.3 / 64.6	70.9 / 66.8^a
Population age distribution^h (0-14/60+ years old, %)	42.1 / 5.8	40.4 / 6.1	38.1 / 6.4^a
International migrant stock (000/% of total pop.)	15.9 / 0.5^f,i	13.9 / 0.4^f,i	... / ...
Refugees and others of concern to UNHCR (000)	3	0.2	0.1^d
Under five mortality rate (per 1000 live births)	46.5	39.2	33.9^a
Health: Current expenditure^j,k (% of GDP)	4.5	4.2	4.2^l
Health: Physicians (per 1 000 pop.)	0.1	0.1	0.1^b
Education: Primary gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	69.7 / 82.9	65.6 / 78.3^c	... / ...
Education: Lowr. sec. gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	52.4 / 63.2	58.4 / 67.1^c	... / ...
Education: Upr. Sec. gross enrol. ratio (f/m per 100 pop.)	28.8 / 34.2	25.5 / 27.0^c	... / ...
Intentional homicide rate (per 100 000 pop.)	14.6^m	...	...
Seats held by women in national parliaments (%)	22	22^c	...

Environment and infrastructure indicators

	2015	2020	2024
Individuals using the Internet^f (per 100 inhabitants)	1.1	23.8	26.6^b
Threatened species (number)	113	143	164^d
Forested area (% of land area)	8.8	8.7	8.7^l
CO2 emission estimates (million tons/tons per capita)	0.5 / 0.1	0.6 / 0.2	0.6 / 0.2^l
Energy production, primary (Petajoules)	29	31	31^l
Energy supply per capita (Gigajoules)	11	11	11^l
Tourist/visitor arrivals at national bordersⁿ (000)	114	142^o	...
Important sites for terrestrial biodiversity protected (%)	0	0	0^d
Net Official Development Assist. received (% of GNI)	6.54^p	...	...

Footnotes

a		Projected estimate (medium fertility variant).
b		2022
c		2019
d		2023
e		Data compiled in accordance with the System of National Accounts 1968 (1968 SNA).
f		Estimate.
g		Data refers to a 5-year period preceding the reference year.
h		Calculated by the UN Statistics Division.
i		Including refugees.
j		Estimates should be viewed with caution as these are derived from scarce data.
k		Data based on calendar year (January 1 to December 31).
l		2021
m		2012
n		Including nationals residing abroad.
o		2016
p		2011