World Statistics Pocketbook

Technical notes – Statistical sources – References

TECHNICAL NOTES

Country Nomenclature

The designations employed and the presentation of material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Countries or areas are listed in English alphabetical order.

Symbols & Abbreviations

.	Decimal figures are always preceded by a period (.)
...	Data not available
–	Magnitude zero
<	Magnitude not zero, but less than half of the unit employed
–<	Magnitude not zero, but negative and less than half of the unit employed
%	Percentage
000	Thousands
65+	Aged sixty-five years and over
CFA	Coopération financière en Afrique centrale
CFP	Change Franc Pacifique
CIF	Cost, Insurance and Freight
CO2	Carbon dioxide
const.	Constant
CPI	Consumer price index
est.	Estimate
f	Females
FOB	Free on board
GDP	Gross domestic product
GNI	Gross national income
GVA	Gross value added
ISIC	International Standard Industrial Classification
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
km	Kilometres
m	Males
mt	Metric tons
Nes	Not elsewhere specified
pop.	Population
proj.	Projection
SAR	Special Administrative Region
sq km	Square kilometre
UN	United Nations
UNHCR	Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees
UNSD	United Nations Statistics Division
US$/USD	United States dollars

The metric system of weights and measures is employed. The equivalents of the basic British Imperial and United States weights and measures are as follows:

Area	1 square kilometre	= 0.386102 square mile
Weight or mass	1 ton	= 1.102311 short tons or
		= 0.987207 long ton
	1 kilogram	= 35.273962 avoirdupois ounces
		= 2.204623 avoirdupois pounds
Distance	1 kilometre	= 0.621371 mile
	1 millimetre	= 0.039 inch
Temperature	°C	= (°F - 32) × 5/9

Indicator Definitions & Notes

Below are brief descriptions of the indicators presented in the country profiles. The terms are arranged in alphabetical order.

Agricultural production indices are calculated by the Laspeyres formula based on the sum of price-weighted quantities of different agricultural commodities produced. The commodities covered in the computation of indices of agricultural production are all crops and livestock products originating in each country. Practically all products are covered, with the main exception of fodder crops. Production quantities of each commodity are weighted by the average international commodity prices in the base period and summed for each year. To obtain the index, the aggregate for a given year is divided by the average aggregate for the base period 2004-2006. Indices are calculated without any deductions for feed and seed and are referred to as “gross” by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

Source of the data: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, FAOSTAT database, last accessed March 2015.

Balance of payments is a statement summarizing the economic transactions between the residents of a country and non-residents during a specific period, usually a year. It includes transactions in goods, services, income, transfers and financial assets and liabilities. Generally, the balance of payments is divided into two major components: the current account and the capital and financial account. The data on balance of payments correspond to the current account category. The current account is a record of all transactions in the balance of payments covering the exports and imports of goods and services, payments of income, and current transfers between residents of a country and non-residents.

Source of the data: International Monetary Fund (IMF), Washington, D.C., the database on International Financial Statistics, last accessed April 2016.

Capital city and capital city population is the designation of any specific city as a capital city as reported by the country or area. The city can be the seat of the government as determined by the country. Some countries designate more than one city to be a capital city with a specific title function (e.g., administrative and/or legislative capital). The data refer to the year 2015, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: United Nations Population Division, New York, "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision".

CO₂ emission estimates represent the volume of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced during the combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, from gas flaring and the manufacture of cement. Original data were converted to CO₂emissions by using the conversion formula: 1 gram Carbon = 3.667 grams CO₂.

Source of the data: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A., database on national CO2 emission estimates, last accessed May 2016.

Consumer price index (CPI) measures the period-to-period proportional change in the prices of a fixed set of consumer goods and services of constant quantity and characteristics, acquired, used or paid for by the reference population. The index is constructed as a weighted average of a large number of elementary aggregate indices. Each of the elementary aggregate indices is estimated using a sample of prices for a defined set of goods and services obtained in, or by residents of, a specific region from a given set of outlets or other sources of consumption. The indices here generally refer to “all items” and to the country as a whole, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, the LABORSTA database, last accessed April 2016.

Currency refers to those notes and coins in circulation that are commonly used to make payments. The official currency names and the ISO currency codes are those officially in use, and may be subject to change.

Source of the data: International Standards Organisation, Geneva, Currency Code Services – ISO 4217 Maintenance Agency, last accessed April 2016.

Economy: Agriculture, industry and services and other activity presents the shares of the components of Gross Value Added (GVA) at current prices by kind of economic activity; agriculture (agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing), industry (mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply; and construction) and in services and other sectors based on the sections of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 3, unless a different revision is stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, New York, national accounts analysis of main aggregates (AMA) database, last accessed March 2016.

Education: Government expenditure shows the trends in general government expenditures for educational affairs and services at pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary levels and subsidiary services to education, expressed as a percentage of the gross domestic product. The data refer to the year 2014, unless stated by a footnote showing the latest available year (no earlier than 2011).

Source of the data: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics, Montreal, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) statistics database, last accessed June 2016.

Education: Primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio is the total enrolment in the primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. Education at the primary level provides the basic elements of education (e.g. at elementary school or primary school). Education at the secondary level is provided at middle school, secondary school, high school, teacher-training school at this level and schools of a vocational or technical nature. Education at the tertiary level is that which is provided at university, teachers’ college, higher professional school, and which requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the second level, or evidence of the attainment of an equivalent level of knowledge. Enrolment is measured at the beginning of the school or academic year. The gross enrolment ratio at each level will include all pupils whatever their ages, whereas the population is limited to the range of official school ages. Therefore, for countries with almost universal education among the school-age population, the gross enrolment ratio can exceed 100 if the actual age distribution of pupils extends beyond the official school ages. The data refer to the year 2014, unless stated by a footnote showing the latest available year (no earlier than 2011).

Source of the data: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics, Montreal, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) statistics database, last accessed June 2016.

Employment in agricultural, industrial and services and other sectors: The “employed” comprise all persons above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in "paid employment” or in "self-employment”, see ILO’s Current International Recommendations on Labour Statistics. The data refer to those 15 years and over, unless otherwise stated in a footnote, who perform any work at all in the reference period, for pay or profit in agriculture (agriculture, forestry and fishing), industry (mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities; and construction) and in services and other sectors based on the sections of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4, unless an earlier revision is stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM 9th edition), last accessed March 2016.

Energy production, primary, is the capture or extraction of fuels or energy from natural energy flows, the biosphere and natural reserves of fossil fuels within the national territory in a form suitable for use. Inert matter removed from the extracted fuels and quantities reinjected, flared or vented are not included. The resulting products are referred to as “primary” products. It excludes secondary production, that is, the manufacture of energy products through the process of transforming primary and/or other secondary fuels or energy. Data are provided in a common energy unit (Petajoule) and refer to the following primary energy sources: hard coal, brown coal, peat, oil shale, conventional crude oil, natural gas liquids (NGL), other hydrocarbons, additives and oxygenates, natural gas, fuelwood, wood residues and by-products, bagasse, animal waste, black liquor, other vegetal material and residues, biogasoline, biodiesels, bio jet kerosene, other liquid biofuels, biogases, industrial waste, municipal waste, nuclear, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, hydro, wind, geothermal, and tide, wave and other marine sources. Peat, biomass and wastes are included only when the production is for energy purposes. See International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (2011) and 2012 Energy Balances for a complete description of the methodology.

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, New York, Energy Statistics Yearbook 2013, last accessed March 2016.

Energy supply per capita is defined as primary energy production plus imports minus exports minus international marine bunkers minus international aviation bunkers minus stock changes. For imports, exports, international bunkers and stock changes, it includes secondary energy products, in addition to primary products.

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, New York, Energy Statistics Yearbook 2013, last accessed March 2016.

Fertility rate is the total fertility rate, a widely used summary indicator of fertility. It refers to the number of children that would be born per woman, assuming no female mortality at child bearing ages and the age-specific fertility rates of a specified country and reference period. The data are the five-year average for the reference period 2010-2015, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: United Nations Population Division, New York, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision; supplemented by data from the United Nations Statistics Division, New York, Demographic Yearbook 2013 and Secretariat for the Pacific Community (SPC) for small countries or areas.

Food production index covers commodities that are considered edible and contain nutrients. Accordingly, coffee and tea are excluded because they have practically no nutritive value. The index numbers shown may differ from those produced by countries themselves because of differences in concepts of production, coverage, weights, time reference of data, and methods of evaluation. The data include estimates made by FAO in cases where no official or semi-official figures are available from the countries.

Source of the data: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, FAOSTAT database, last accessed March 2015.

Forested area refers to the percentage of land area occupied by forest. Forest is defined in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Global Forest Resources Assessment as land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Data are calculated from the forest estimates divided by the land area.

Source of the data: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, FAOSTAT database, last accessed November 2015.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of gross value added of all resident producer units plus that part (possibly the total) of taxes on products, less subsidies on products, that is not included in the valuation of output. It is also equal to the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured at purchasers’ prices, less the value of imports of goods and services, and equal to the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units (see System of National Accounts 2008). The data are in current United States (US) dollars and are estimates of the total production of goods and services of the countries represented in economic terms, not as a measure of the standard of living of their inhabitants. In order to have comparable coverage for as many countries as possible, these US dollar estimates are based on official GDP data in national currency, supplemented by national currency estimates prepared by the Statistics Division using additional data from national and international sources. The estimates given here are in most cases those accepted by the United Nations General Assembly’s Committee on Contributions for determining United Nations members’ contributions to the United Nations regular budget. The exchange rates for the conversion of GDP national currency data into US dollars are the average market rates published by the International Monetary Fund, in International Financial Statistics. Official exchange rates are used only when free market rates are not available. For non-members of the Fund, the conversion rates used are the average of United Nations operational rates of exchange. It should be noted that the conversion from local currency into US dollars introduces deficiencies in comparability over time and among countries which should be considered when using the data. For example, comparability over time is distorted when exchange rate fluctuations differ substantially from domestic inflation rates.

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, New York, national accounts analysis of main aggregates (AMA) database, last accessed March 2016.

GDP growth rate is derived on the basis of constant 2005 price series in national currency. The figures are computed as the geometric mean of annual rates of growth expressed in percentages for the year 2014.

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, New York, national accounts analysis of main aggregates (AMA) database, last accessed March 2016.

GDP per capita estimates are the value of all goods and services produced in the economy divided by the population.

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, New York, national accounts analysis of main aggregates (AMA) database, last accessed March 2016.

Health: Total expenditure is the sum of all outlays for health maintenance, restoration or enhancement paid for in cash or supplied in kind expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product. It is the sum of General Government Expenditure on Health and Private Expenditure on Health. General government expenditure on health is the sum of health outlays paid for in cash or supplied in kind by government entities, such as the Ministry of Health, other ministries, parastatal organizations or social security agencies (without double counting government transfers to social security and extra budgetary funds). It includes all expenditure made by these entities, regardless of the source, so includes any donor funding passing through them. It includes transfer payments to households to offset medical care costs and extra budgetary funds to finance health services and goods. It includes current and capital expenditure.

Source of the data: World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, WHO Global Health Expenditure database, last accessed June 2016.

Health: Physicians (per 1 000 population) includes generalist medical practitioners and specialist medical practitioners. The classification of health workers used is based on criteria for vocational education and training, regulation of health professions, and activities and tasks of jobs, i.e. a framework for categorizing key workforce variables according to shared characteristics.

Source of the data: World Health Organisation (WHO), Geneva, WHO Global Health Workforce statistics database, last accessed September 2015.

Index of Industrial production generally cover industry (mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities; and construction) based on the sections (i.e. B, C, D and E) of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4, unless a different revision/set of sections is stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, New York, Environment and energy statistics branch, Industrial and Energy Statistics Section, last accessed November 2015.

Individuals using the Internet refer to the percentage of people who used the Internet from any location and for any purpose, irrespective of the device and network used. It can be via a computer (i.e. desktop or laptop computer, tablet or similar handheld computer), mobile phone, games machine, digital TV, etc. Access can be via a fixed or mobile network. There are certain data limits to this indicator, insofar as estimates have to be calculated for many developing countries which do not yet collect information and communications technology household statistics.

Source of the data: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Geneva, the ITU database, last accessed September 2015.

Infant mortality rate (per 1 000 live births) is the ratio of infant deaths (the deaths of children under one year of age) in a given year to the total number of live births in the same year. The rates are the five-year projected averages for the reference period 2010-2015, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Intentional homicide rate: The rates are the annual number of unlawful deaths purposefully inflicted on a person by another person, reported for the year per 100 000. For most countries, country information on causes of death is not available for most causes. Estimates are therefore based on cause of death modelling and death registration data from other countries in the region. Further country-level information and data on specific causes was also used. The data refer to the year 2014 unless stated by a footnote showing the latest available year (no earlier than 2011).

Source of the data: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, UNODC Statistics database, last accessed May 2016.

International migrant stock generally represents the number of persons born in a country other than that in which they live. When information on country of birth was not recorded, data on the number of persons having foreign citizenship was used instead. In the absence of any empirical data, estimates were imputed. Data refer to mid-2015. Figures for international migrant stock as a percentage of the population are the outcome of dividing the estimated international migrant stock by the estimated total population and multiplying the result by 100.

Source of the data: United Nations Population Division, New York, International migrant stock: The 2015 Revision, last accessed June 2016.

Labour force participation rate is calculated by expressing the number of persons in the labour force as a percentage of the working-age population. The labour force is the sum of the number of persons employed and the number of unemployed (see ILO’s current International Recommendations on Labour Statistics). The working-age population is the population above a certain age, prescribed for the measurement of economic characteristics. The data refer to the age group of 15 years and over and are based on ILO’s modelled estimates, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM 9th edition), last accessed March 2016.

Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years of life at birth (age 0) for males and females according to the expected mortality rates by age estimated for the reference year and population. The data are the five-year projected averages for the reference period 2010-2015, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Major trading partners show the three largest trade partners (countries of last known destination and origin or consignment) in international merchandise trade transactions. In some cases a special partner is shown (i.e. Areas nes, bunkers, etc.) instead of a country and refers to one of the following special categories. Areas not elsewhere specified (Areas nes) is used (a) for low value trade, (b) if the partner designation was unknown to the country or if an error was made in the partner assignment and (c) for reasons of confidentiality. If a specific geographical location can be identified within Areas nes, then they are recorded accordingly (i.e. Other Europe nes, South (S.) America nes, North and Central (N & C) America nes, Oceania nes, Other Africa nes, and Other Asia nes). Bunkers are ship stores and aircraft supplies, which consists mostly of fuels and food. Free zones belong to the geographical and economic territory of a country but not to its customs territory. For the purpose of trade statistics the transactions between the customs territory and the free zones are recorded, if the reporting country uses the Special Trade System. Free zones can be commercial free zones (duty free shops) or industrial free zones. Data are expressed as percentages of total exports and of total imports of the country, area or special partner.

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, New York, Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE) and the International Trade Statistics Yearbook 2015, last accessed June 2016.

Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions, per 100 inhabitants refer to the number of mobile cellular telephone subscriptions in a country for each 100 inhabitants. It is calculated by dividing the number of mobile cellular telephone subscriptions by the total population and multiplied by 100.

Source of the data: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Geneva, the ITU database, last accessed September 2015.

Net Official Development Assistance received or disbursed is defined as those flows to developing countries and multilateral institutions provided by official agencies, including state and local governments, or by their executive agencies, each transaction of which meets the following tests: i) it is administered with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries as its main objective; and ii) it is concessional in character and conveys a grant element of at least 25 per cent. It is expressed as a percentage of Gross National Income of either the donor or recipient. The multilateral institutions include the World Bank Group, regional banks, financial institutions of the European Union and a number of United Nations institutions, programmes and trust funds.

Source of the data: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, the OECD Development Assistance Committee database, last accessed March 2016.

Patents: resident fillings (per million population) resident refers to an application filed by an applicant at its national Intellectual Property (IP) office. IP grant (registration) data are based on the same concept. In force refers to a patent or other form of IP protection that is currently valid. Country of origin is used to catgorise IP data by resident (domestic) and non-resident (foreign). The residence of the first-named applicant (or inventor) recorded in the IP document (e.g. patent or trademark application) is used to classify IP data by country of origin.

Source of the data: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Geneva, WIPO statistics database, last accessed April 2016.

Population density refers to medium fertility projected population as of 1 July 2016 per square kilometre of surface area.

Source of the data: United Nations Population Division, New York, "World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision".

Population projection refers to medium fertility projected population as of 1 July 2016. The total population of a country may comprise either all usual residents of the country (de jure population) or all persons present in the country (de facto population) at the time of the census; for purposes of international comparisons, the de facto definition is recommended.

Source of the data: United Nations Population Division, New York, "World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision".

Population growth rate is the average annual percentage change in total population size. The data refer to the period 2010-2015, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: United Nations Population Division, New York, "World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision".

Population using improved drinking water sources is the percentage of the population in urban and rural areas, according to national definitions, who use any of the following types of water supply for drinking: piped water, public tap, borehole or pump, protected well, protected spring or rainwater. Improved water sources do not include vendor-provided water, bottled water, tanker trucks or unprotected wells and springs. Use of an improved drinking water source is a proxy for the use of safe drinking water, see www.wssinfo.org for further information.

Source of the data: World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Geneva and New York, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for the Water and Sanitation database, last accessed October 2015.

Population using improved sanitation facilities refers to the percentage of the population in urban and rural areas, according to national definitions, with access to facilities that hygienically separate human excreta from human, animal and insect contact. Facilities such as sewers or septic tanks, poor flush latrines and simple pit or ventilated improved pit latrines are assumed to be adequate, provided that they are not public. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained. Sanitation facilities are not considered improved when shared with other households, or open to public use. Use of an improved sanitation facility is a proxy for access to basic sanitation, see www.wssinfo.org for further information.

Terrestrial and marine areas protected refers to the sum of terrestrial protected areas as well as marine protected areas in territorial waters (up to 200 nautical miles from the coast) divided by the total area of land area (including inland waters) and territorial waters. Protected areas are recorded in the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), last updated in August 2014, and include the location and extent of protected areas, determined through a GIS analysis, spanning from 1990 to present. The WDPA is a joint initiative of UNEP and IUCN, see www.unep-wcmc.org for further information.

Source of the data: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCWC), Cambridge, Millennium Development Goals database, last accessed November 2015.

Refugees and others of concern to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): The 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees states that a refugee is someone who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group, is outside the country of his or her nationality and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his or her former habitual residence, is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to return to it. In this series, refugees refer to persons granted a humanitarian status and/or those granted temporary protection. Included are persons who have been granted temporary protection on a group basis. The series also includes returned refugees, asylum-seekers, stateless persons and persons displaced internally within their own country and others of concern to UNHCR.

Source of the data: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Geneva, UNHCR Population Statistics Database, last accessed June 2016.

Region is based on macro geographical regions arranged according to continents and component geographical regions used for statistical purposes.

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, New York, Statistical Yearbook 58^th issue (Annex I) Country and area nomenclature, regional and other groupings (based on Series M49: Standard Country or Area codes and Geographical Regions for Statistical Use), last accessed June 2016.

Seats held by women in national parliaments refer to the number of women in the lower chamber of national parliaments expressed as a percentage of total occupied seats in the lower or single House, situation as of 1 February 2016.

Source of the data: Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), Geneva, Women in National Parliament dataset and the Millennium Development Goals Indicators database, last accessed April 2016.

Surface area refers to land area plus inland water, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, New York, Demographic Yearbook 2014 and the demographic statistics database, last accessed February 2016.

Threatened species represents the number of plants and animals that are most in need of conservation attention and are compiled by the World Conservation Union IUCN/ Species Survival Commission (SSC).

Source of the data: World Conservation Union (IUCN) / Species Survival Commission (SSC), Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species publication, last accessed July 2015.

Total dependency ratio refers to the number of people in the population aged under 15 years old and over 64 years old per 100 people in the population aged between 15 and 64 years old, expressed as a ratio as 1 July 2015, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Total trade: exports and imports show the movement of goods out of and into a country. Goods simply being transported through a country (goods in transit) or temporarily admitted (except for goods for inward processing) do not add to the stock of material resources of a country and are not included in the international merchandise trade statistics. In the “general trade system”, the definition of the statistical territory of a country coincides with its economic territory. In the “special trade system”, the definition of the statistical territory comprises only a particular part of the economic territory, mainly that part which coincides with the free circulation area for goods. “The free circulation area” is a part of the economic territory of a country within which goods “may be disposed of without Customs restrictions”. In the case of exports, the transaction value is the value at which the goods were sold by the exporter, including the cost of transportation and insurance, to bring the goods onto the transporting vehicle at the frontier of the exporting country (an FOB-type valuation). In the case of imports, the transaction value is the value at which the goods were purchased by the importer plus the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing country (a CIF-type valuation). Both imports and exports are shown in United States dollars. Conversion from national currencies is made by means of currency conversion factors based on official exchange rates (par values or weighted averages).

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, New York, Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE) and the International Trade Statistics Yearbook 2015, last accessed June 2016.

Tourist arrivals at national borders is any person who travels to a country other than that in which he or she has his or her usual residence but outside his/her usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from with the country visited, and who stays at least one night in a collective or private accommodation in the country visited (see Recommendations on Tourism Statistics of the United Nations and the World Tourism Organization). The data refer to arrivals of non-resident tourists at national borders, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: World Tourism Organization (WTO), Madrid, the WTO Statistics Database, last accessed April 2016.

Unemployment refers to persons above a specified age who during a specified reference period were: “without work”, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment as defined under employment; “currently available for work”, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; and “seeking work”, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment (see ILO’s current International Recommendations on Labour Statistics). The data refer to the 15 years and over age group and are based on ILO’s modelled estimates, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva, Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM 9th edition), last accessed March 2016.

United Nations membership dates: The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization whose members are the countries of the world. Currently there are 193 Member States of the United Nations, some of which joined the UN by signing and ratifying the Charter of the United Nations in 1945; the other countries joined the UN later, through the adoption of a resolution admitting them to membership. The process usually follows these steps: first, the country applies for membership and makes a declaration accepting the obligations of the Charter; second, the Security Council adopts a resolution recommending that the General Assembly admit the country to membership and finally the General Assembly adopts a resolution admitting the country.

Source of the data: United Nations, New York, Member states and date of admission, last accessed December 2014.

Urban population is based on the number of persons as of 1 July 2015 defined as urban according to national definitions of this concept. In most cases these definitions are those used in the most recent population census.

Source of the data: United Nations Population Division, New York, "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision".

Urban population growth rate is based on the number of persons defined as urban according to national definitions of this concept. In most cases these definitions are those used in the most recent population census. The data are the five-year projected averages for the reference period 2010-2015, unless otherwise stated in a footnote.

Source of the data: United Nations Population Division, New York, "World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision".

Statistical Sources

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO₂ Emissions, available at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/overview_2013.html.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, FAOSTAT database, available at http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E.

International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market, 9th edition software, available at http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/research-and-databases/kilm/lang--en/index.htm.

__________, LABORSTA Internet database, available at http://laborsta.ilo.org/.

International Monetary Fund (IMF), Washington, Balance of Payments (BOP) database.

__________, International Financial Statistics (IFS) database.

Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in National Parliaments, available at http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Geneva, the World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database, available at http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/statistics/Pages/default.aspx.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), The 2015 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/summary-statistics.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) statistics, available at http://stats.oecd.org/.

Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Statistics and Demography Programme, Population and demographic indicators, available at http://sdd.spc.int/en/.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics, Montreal, UNESCO statistics database, available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2015, available at http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/statistical-yearbooks.html.

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