World Statistics Pocketbook

Technical notes - Statistical sources – References

TECHNICAL NOTES

Country Nomenclature

The designations employed and the presentation of material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Countries or areas are listed in English alphabetical order.

Country notes

China: For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR or Taiwan Province of China, unless otherwise indicated.

Cyprus: Data generally refer to the government-controlled area unless otherwise indicated.

Symbols & Abbreviations

...	Data not available
–	Magnitude zero
<	Magnitude not zero, but less than half of the unit employed
–<	Magnitude not zero, but negative and less than half of the unit employed
000	Thousands
°C	Degrees Celsius
%	Percentage
60+	Aged sixty years and over
.	Decimal figures are always preceded by a period (.)
CFA	Coopération financière en Afrique centrale
CIF	Cost, Insurance and Freight
CO₂	Carbon dioxide
CPI est.	Consumer price index Estimated
f	Females
FOB	Free on board
GDP	Gross domestic product
GNI	Gross national income
ILO	International Labour Organization
ISIC	International Standard Industrial Classification
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
ITU	International Telecommunication Union
km	Kilometres
m	Males
mt	Metric tons
N & C Ame	North and Central America
Nes pop. S.	Not elsewhere specified Population South
S. America	South America
SAR sq km TT UAE	Special Administrative Region Square kilometre Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates
UN	United Nations
UNESCO	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNHCR	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNSD	United Nations Statistics Division
US$	United States dollars
WMO	World Meteorological Organization

Indicator Definitions & Notes

Below are brief descriptions of the indicators presented in the country profiles. The terms are arranged in alphabetical order.

Agricultural production index: The indices are calculated by the Laspeyres formula based on the sum of price-weighted quantities of different agricultural commodities produced. The commodities covered in the computation of indices of agricultural production are all crops and livestock products originating in each country. Practically all products are covered, with the main exception of fodder crops. Production quantities of each commodity are weighted by the average international commodity prices in the base period and summed for each year. To obtain the index, the aggregate for a given year is divided by the average aggregate for the base period 2004-2006. Indices are calculated without any deductions for feed and seed and are referred to as “gross” by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

Source of the data: FAOSTAT database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, available at http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/Q/QI/E (last accessed 17 March 2015).

Balance of payments is a statement summarizing the economic transactions between the residents of a country and non-residents during a specific period, usually a year. It includes transactions in goods, services, income, transfers and financial assets and liabilities. Generally, the balance of payments is divided into two major components: the current account and the capital and financial account. The data on balance of payments presented in the World Statistics Pocketbook correspond to the current account category. The current account is a record of all transactions in the balance of payments covering the exports and imports of goods and services, payments of income, and current transfers between residents of a country and non-residents.

Source of the data: International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments (BOP) database (last accessed 20 January 2015).

Capital city and capital city population: The designation of any specific city as a capital city is done solely on the basis of the designation as reported by the country or area. The city can be the seat of the government as determined by the country. Some countries designate more than one city to be a capital city with a specific title function (e.g., administrative and/or legislative capital). The data refer to the year 2014.

Source of the data: The United Nations Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Table 13- Urban Agglomerations, available at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/ (last accessed 15 December 2014).

CO2 emission estimates represent the volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced during the combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, from gas flaring and the manufacture of cement. Original data were converted to CO2 emissions by using the conversion formula: 1 gram Carbon = 3.667 grams CO2, as per https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_annex1.pdf.

Source of the data: Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, National (All countries) file, available at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/overview_2011.html (last accessed 14 July 2015).

Contraceptive prevalence refers to the percentage of women married or in-union aged 15 to 49 who are currently using, or whose sexual partner is using at least one method of contraception, regardless of the method used. Contraceptive methods include modern methods such as sterilization, oral hormonal pills, intra-uterine devices, condoms, injectables, implants, vaginal barrier methods and emergency contraception and traditional methods such as the rhythm, withdrawal, lactational amenorrhea method and folk methods. The data contain the most recent estimates of contraceptive prevalence between the years 2007 and 2013.

Source of the data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014), World Contraceptive Use 2014 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2014), Survey-based Observations, available at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/dataset/contraception/wcu2014.shtml (last accessed 16 March 2015).

CPI: Consumer price index measures changes over time in the general level of prices of goods and services that a reference population acquires, uses or pays for consumption. A consumer price index is estimated as a series of summary measures of the period-to-period proportional change in the prices of a fixed set of consumer goods and services of constant quantity and characteristics, acquired, used or paid for by the reference population. Each summary measure is constructed as a weighted average of a large number of elementary aggregate indices. Each of the elementary aggregate indices is estimated using a sample of prices for a defined set of goods and services obtained in, or by residents of, a specific region from a given set of outlets or other sources of consumption goods and services. Unless otherwise noted, the indices here generally refer to “all items” and to the country as a whole.

Source of the data: LABORSTA Internet, International Labour Organization (ILO) database, Consumer Price Indices, Main statistics (monthly): General Indices, food indices, Table: B9, available at http://laborsta.ilo.org/data_topic_E.html (last accessed 9 April 2015).

Currency refers to those notes and coins in circulation that are commonly used to make payments. The official currency names and the ISO currency codes are those officially in use, and may be subject to change.

Source of the data: United Nations Treasury’s website, available at http://treasury.un.org/operationalrates/OperationalRates.aspx (data as of 15 December 2014).

Education: Female third-level students: The number of female students at the third-level of education is expressed as a percentage of the total number of students (males and females) at the same level in a given school year. Third-level education is that which is provided at university, teachers’ college, higher professional school, and which requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the second level, or evidence of the attainment of an equivalent level of knowledge. Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to the latest available year between 2007 and 2013.

Source of the data: UNESCO Institute for Statistics website (UIS.Stat), Education statistics, Percentage of students in tertiary education who are female (%), available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/ (last accessed 24 March 2015).

Education: Government expenditure (% of GDP): Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to the latest available year between 2007 and 2013. They show the trends in general government expenditures for educational affairs and services at pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary levels and subsidiary services to education, expressed as a percentage of the gross domestic product.

Source of the data: UNESCO Institute for Statistics website (UIS.Stat), Education statistics, Government expenditure on education as % of GDP (%), available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/ (last accessed 24 March 2015).

Education: Primary and secondary gross enrolment ratio is the total enrolment in first and second levels of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education in a given school year. Education at the first level provides the basic elements of education (e.g. at elementary school or primary school). Education at the second level is provided at middle school, secondary school, high school, teacher-training school at this level and schools of a vocational or technical nature. Enrolment is at the beginning of the school or academic year. The gross enrolment ratio at the first and second level should include all pupils whatever their ages, whereas the population is limited to the range of official school ages. Therefore, for countries with almost universal education among the school-age population, the gross enrolment ratio will exceed 100 if the actual age distribution of pupils extends beyond the official school ages. Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to the latest available year between 2007 and 2013.

Source of the data: UNESCO Institute for Statistics website (UIS.Stat), Education statistics, Gross enrolment ratio, primary and secondary, female (%) and Gross enrolment ratio, primary and secondary, male (%), available at http://data.uis.unesco.org/ (last accessed 24 March 2015).

Employment in agricultural and in industrial sectors: The “employed” comprise all persons above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in "paid employment” or in "self-employment” as defined below. "Persons in paid employment” comprise all persons in the following categories: (a) "at work": persons who during the reference period performed some work for wages, salary or related payments, in cash or in kind; or (b) "with a job but not at work": persons who, having already worked in their present job, were absent during the reference period and continued to have a strong attachment to their job. "Persons in self-employment” comprise all persons (a) "at work": persons who during the reference period performed some work for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind; or (b) "with an enterprise but not at work": persons with an enterprise, which may be a business enterprise, a farm or a service undertaking, who were temporarily not at work during the reference period for any specific reason. Employers, own-account workers and members of producers' co-operatives should be considered as in self-employment and should be classified as "at work” or "not at work”, as the case may be. (See ILO’s Current International Recommendations on Labour Statistics). Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to the 15 years and over age group who perform any work at all in the reference period, for pay or profit in industry (mining, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water and construction) and in agriculture. Agriculture comprises the following divisions of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Rev. 4: crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities, forestry and lodging, and fishing and aquaculture. Data sources include the World Bank’s Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire, Eurostat’s European Labour Force Survey, household income and expenditure surveys, household or labour force surveys, living standards surveys, official estimates and population censuses. The most common source of the data shown includes household or labour force surveys, Eurostat’s European Labour Force Survey or official estimates. Other sources have been indicated with a footnote. Unless otherwise indicated, data refer to ISIC Rev. 4.

Source of the data: The Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) database, 8th edition, International Labour Organization (ILO), Table 4A, available at http://www.ilo.org/empelm/what/WCMS_114240/lang--en/index.htm (last accessed 17 April 2015).

Energy production, primary, is the capture or extraction of fuels or energy from natural energy flows, the biosphere and natural reserves of fossil fuels within the national territory in a form suitable for use. Inert matter removed from the extracted fuels and quantities reinjected, flared or vented are not included. The resulting products are referred to as “primary” products. It excludes secondary production, that is, the manufacture of energy products through the process of transforming primary and/or other secondary fuels or energy. Data are provided in a common energy unit (Petajoule) and refer to the following primary energy sources: hard coal, brown coal, peat, oil shale, conventional crude oil, natural gas liquids (NGL), other hydrocarbons, additives and oxygenates, natural gas, fuelwood, wood residues and by-products, bagasse, animal waste, black liquor, other vegetal material and residues, biogasoline, biodiesels, bio jet kerosene, other liquid biofuels, biogases, industrial waste, municipal waste, nuclear, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, hydro, wind, geothermal, and tide, wave and other marine sources. Peat, biomass and wastes are included only when the production is for energy purposes. Please see International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (2011) and 2012 Energy Balances for a complete description of the methodology.

Source of the data: The Energy Statistics Yearbook (information provided by the Industrial and Energy Statistics Section of the United Nations Statistics Division as of 23 July 2015).

Energy supply per capita is defined as primary energy production plus imports minus exports minus international marine bunkers minus international aviation bunkers minus stock changes. For imports, exports, international bunkers and stock changes, it includes secondary energy products, in addition to primary products.

Source of the data: The Energy Statistics Yearbook (information provided by the Industrial and Energy Statistics Section of the United Nations Statistics Division as of 23 July 2015).

Exchange rates are shown in units of national currency per US dollar and refer to end-of-period quotations. The exchange rates are classified into broad categories, reflecting both the role of the authorities in the determination of the exchange and/or the multiplicity of exchange rates in a country. The market rate is used to describe exchange rates determined largely by market forces; the official rate is an exchange rate determined by the authorities, sometimes in a flexible manner. For countries maintaining multiple exchange arrangements, the rates are labelled principal rate, secondary rate, and tertiary rate.

Source of the data: The International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics database (last accessed 15 January 2015). For those currencies for which the IMF does not publish exchange rates, non-commercial rates derived from the year-end operational rates of exchange for United Nations programmes are shown, as published by the United Nations Treasury, available at http://www.un.org/Depts/treasury/ (last accessed 15 January 2015).

Fertility rate: The total fertility rate is a widely used summary indicator of fertility. It refers to the number of children that would be born per woman, assuming no female mortality at child bearing ages and the age-specific fertility rates of a specified country and reference period. Unless otherwise indicated, the data are the five-year average for the reference period 2010-2015.

Source of the data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013), World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, available at http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm; supplemented by official national statistics published in the United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2013, Table 4, available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2013.htm; and data compiled by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Statistics and Demography Programme, Population and demographic indicators, available at http://www.spc.int/sdp.

Food production index covers commodities that are considered edible and contain nutrients. Accordingly, coffee and tea are excluded because they have practically no nutritive value. The index numbers shown may differ from those produced by countries themselves because of differences in concepts of production, coverage, weights, time reference of data, and methods of evaluation. The data include estimates made by FAO in cases where no official or semi-official figures are available from the countries.

Forested area refers to the percentage of land area occupied by forest. Forest is defined in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Global Forest Resources Assessment as land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Data are calculated from the forest estimates divided by the land area for 2012.

Source of the data: The FAOSTAT database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, available at http://faostat3.fao.org/download/R/RL/E (last accessed 24 March 2015).

GDP: Gross domestic product is an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of gross value added of all resident producer units plus that part (possibly the total) of taxes on products, less subsidies on products, that is not included in the valuation of output. It is also equal to the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured at purchasers’ prices, less the value of imports of goods and services, and equal to the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units (see System of National Accounts 2008). The data in the World Statistics Pocketbook are in current United States (US) dollars and are estimates of the total production of goods and services of the countries represented in economic terms, not as a measure of the standard of living of their inhabitants. In order to have comparable coverage for as many countries as possible, these US dollar estimates are based on official GDP data in national currency, supplemented by national currency estimates prepared by the Statistics Division using additional data from national and international sources. The estimates given here are in most cases those accepted by the United Nations General Assembly’s Committee on Contributions for determining United Nations members’ contributions to the United Nations regular budget. The exchange rates for the conversion of GDP national currency data into US dollars are the average market rates published by the International Monetary Fund, in International Financial Statistics. Official exchange rates are used only when free market rates are not available. For non-members of the Fund, the conversion rates used are the average of United Nations operational rates of exchange. It should be noted that the conversion from local currency into US dollars introduces deficiencies in comparability over time and among countries which should be considered when using the data. For example, comparability over time is distorted when exchange rate fluctuations differ substantially from domestic inflation rates.

Source of the data: The National Accounts Main Aggregates Database, available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/dnllist.asp (last accessed 10 February 2015) and the National Accounts Statistics: Analysis of Main Aggregates, compiled from national data provided to the United Nations Statistics Division.

GDP: Growth rate at constant 2005 prices is derived on the basis of constant price series in national currency. The figures are computed as the geometric mean of annual rates of growth expressed in percentages for the years indicated.

GDP per capita estimates are the value of all goods and services produced in the economy divided by the population.

Source of the data: The National Accounts Main Aggregates Database available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/dnllist.asp (last accessed 10 February 2015) and the National Accounts Statistics: Analysis of Main Aggregates, compiled from national data provided to the United Nations Statistics Division.

GNI: Gross national income per capita estimates are the aggregate value of the balances of gross primary incomes for all sectors in the economy divided by the population. GNI is equal to GDP less primary incomes payable to non-resident units plus primary incomes receivable from non-resident units. In other words, GNI is equal to GDP less taxes (less subsidies) on production and imports, compensation of employees and property income payable to the rest of the world plus the corresponding items receivable from the rest of the world. Thus GNI at market prices is the sum of gross primary incomes receivable by resident institutional units/sectors. It is worth noting that GNI at market prices was called gross national product in the 1953 SNA, and it was commonly denominated GNP. In contrast to GDP, GNI is not a concept of value added, but a concept of income (see System of National Accounts 2008).

Gross fixed capital formation is measured by the total value of a producer’s acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed assets during the accounting period plus certain specified expenditure on services that adds to the value of non-produced assets (see System of National Accounts 2008). The data are based on the percentage distribution of GDP in current prices.

Index of Industrial production: The data shown here generally cover, unless otherwise noted, the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 4 (ISIC Rev. 4) sections B, C, D and E (i.e., mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; and water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities). The data that are footnoted as referring to ISIC Rev. 3 cover Tabulation Categories C, D and E (mining and quarrying; manufacturing; and electricity, gas and water supply).

Source of the data: United Nations Statistics Division, Environment and Energy Statistics Branch, Industrial and Energy Statistics Section, (information provided by the Industrial and Energy Statistics Section of the United Nations Statistics Division as of 20 March 2015).

Individuals using the Internet refer to the percentage of people who used the Internet from any location and for any purpose, irrespective of the device and network used. It can be via a computer (i.e. desktop or laptop computer, tablet or similar handheld computer), mobile phone, games machine, digital TV, etc. Access can be via a fixed or mobile network. Data are obtained by countries through national household surveys and are either provided directly to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) by national statistical offices (NSO), or ITU carries out necessary research to obtain data, for example, from NSO websites. There are certain data limits to this indicator, insofar as estimates have to be calculated for many developing countries which do not yet collect information and communications technology household statistics. Unless otherwise indicated, data refer to population aged 16 to 74.

Source of the data: The World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2014 (18th Edition) of the International Telecommunication Union, Time series by country, available at http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2014/Individuals_Internet_2000-2013.xls (last accessed 14 January 2015).

Infant mortality rate (per 1 000 live births) is the ratio of infant deaths (the deaths of children under one year of age) in a given year to the total number of live births in the same year. Unless otherwise noted, the rates are the five-year projected averages for the reference period 2010-2015.

Source of the data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013), World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, available at http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm and supplemented by data compiled by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Statistics and Demography Programme, Population and demographic indicators, available at http://www.spc.int/sdp.

Intentional homicide rate: The rates are the annual number of unlawful deaths purposefully inflicted on a person by another person, reported for the year per 100 000. The data refer to the latest available year between 2008 and 2012. For most countries, country information on causes of death is not available for most causes. Estimates are therefore based on cause of death modelling and death registration data from other countries in the region. Further country-level information and data on specific causes was also used.

Source of the data: United Nations Office on Crime and Drugs, UNODC Homicide Statistics 2013, Homicide counts and rates, time series 2000-2012, available at http://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/data.html (last accessed 25 March 2015).

International migrant stock generally represents the number of persons born in a country other than that in which they live. When information on country of birth was not recorded, data on the number of persons having foreign citizenship was used instead. In the absence of any empirical data, estimates were imputed. Data refer to mid-2013. Figures for international migrant stock as a percentage of the population are the outcome of dividing the estimated international migrant stock by the estimated total population and multiplying the result by 100.

Source of the data: The United Nations Population Division, Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision- Migrants by age and sex, International migrant stock at mid-year by sex and by major area, region, country or area, 1990-2013,(Table 1), available at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimatestotal.shtml (last accessed 15 July 2015).

Labour force participation rate is calculated by expressing the number of persons in the labour force as a percentage of the working-age population. The labour force is the sum of the number of persons employed and the number of unemployed (see ILO’s Current International Recommendations on Labour Statistics). The working-age population is the population above a certain age, prescribed for the measurement of economic characteristics. Unless otherwise noted, the data refer to the age group of 15 years and over.

Source of the data: The Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) database, 8th edition, International Labour Organization (ILO), Table 1A, available at http://www.ilo.org/empelm/what/WCMS_114240/lang--en/index.htm (last accessed 12 March 2015).

Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years of life at birth (age 0) for males and females according to the expected mortality rates by age estimated for the reference year and population. Unless otherwise indicated, the data are the five-year projected averages for the reference period 2010-2015.

Source of the data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013), World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, available at http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/mortality.htm; supplemented by official national statistics published in the United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2013, Table 21, available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2013.htm; and data compiled by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Statistics and Demography Programme, Population and demographic indicators, available at http://www.spc.int/sdp.

Major trading partners show the three largest trade partners (countries of last known destination and origin or consignment) in international merchandise trade transactions. In some cases a special partner is shown (i.e. Areas nes, bunkers, etc.) instead of a country and refers to one of the following special categories. Areas not elsewhere specified (Areas nes) is used (a) for low value trade, (b) if the partner designation was unknown to the country or if an error was made in the partner assignment and (c) for reasons of confidentiality. If a specific geographical location can be identified within Areas nes, then they are recorded accordingly (i.e. Other Europe nes, South America nes, North and Central America nes, Oceania nes, Other Africa nes, and Other Asia nes). Bunkers are ship stores and aircraft supplies, which consists mostly of fuels and food. Free zones belong to the geographical and economic territory of a country but not to its customs territory. For the purpose of trade statistics the transactions between the customs territory and the free zones are recorded, if the reporting country uses the Special Trade System. Free zones can be commercial free zones (duty free shops) or industrial free zones. Data are expressed as percentages of total exports and of total imports of the country, area or special partner.

Source of the data: The United Nations Statistics Division’s Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE), available at http://comtrade.un.org and the United Nations 2014 International Trade Statistics Yearbook.

Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions, per 100 inhabitants refer to the number of mobile cellular telephone subscriptions in a country for each 100 inhabitants. It is calculated by dividing the number of mobile cellular telephone subscriptions by the total population and multiplied by 100.

Source of the data: The World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2014 (18th Edition) of the International Telecommunication Union, Time series by country, available at http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2014/Mobile_cellular_2000-2013.xls (last accessed 13 January 2015).

Population aged 0-14 years refers to the population aged 0-14 years of both sexes as a percentage of total population. Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to the year 2014.

Source of the data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013), World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, available at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm; supplemented by data calculated from official national statistics published in the United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2013, Table 7, available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2013.htm; and data compiled by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Statistics and Demography Programme, Population and demographic indicators, available at http://www.spc.int/sdp (last accessed 23 March 2015).

Population aged 60 years and over refers to the percentage of the female population who are 60 years and older and the percentage of the male population who are 60 years and older, respectively. Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to the year 2014.

Source of the data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013), World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, available at http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/Interpolated.htm; supplemented by data calculated from official national statistics published in the United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2013, Table 7, available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2013.htm (last accessed 23 March 2015).

Population density refers to medium fertility estimated population per square kilometre of surface area as of 1 July 2014. Source of the data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013), World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, available at http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm (last accessed 16 December 2014).

Population estimates: Data refer to medium fertility estimated population as of 1 July 2014. The total population of a country may comprise either all usual residents of the country (de jure population) or all persons present in the country (de facto population) at the time of the census; for purposes of international comparisons, the de facto definition is recommended.

Population growth rate is the average annual percentage change in total population size. Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to the period 2010-2015.

Population using improved drinking water sources is the percentage of the population, urban and rural, who use any of the following types of water supply for drinking: piped water, public tap, borehole or pump, protected well, protected spring or rainwater. Improved water sources do not include vendor-provided water, bottled water, tanker trucks or unprotected wells and springs. Use of an improved drinking water source is a proxy for the use of safe drinking water. Data sources for this indicator include household surveys, population census or administrative reporting systems. The data are estimated by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) based on available country sources, see www.wssinfo.org for further information.

Source of the data: World Health Organization (WHO), Global Health Observatory Data Repository, MDG Indicators, Goal 7, available at http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.606?lang=en (last accessed 8 April 2015).

Population using improved sanitation facilities refers to the percentage of the population with access to facilities that hygienically separate human excreta from human, animal and insect contact. Facilities such as sewers or septic tanks, poor flush latrines and simple pit or ventilated improved pit latrines are assumed to be adequate, provided that they are not public. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained. Sanitation facilities are not considered improved when shared with other households, or open to public use. Use of an improved sanitation facility is a proxy for access to basic sanitation. Data sources for this indicator include household surveys, population census or administrative reporting systems. The data are estimated by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) based on available country sources, see www.wssinfo.org for further information.

Proportion of terrestrial and marine protected areas to total terrestrial area refers to the sum of terrestrial protected areas as well as marine protected areas in territorial waters (up to 200 nautical miles from the coast) divided by the total area of land area (including inland waters) and territorial waters. Protected areas are recorded in the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), last updated in August 2014, and include the location and extent of protected areas, determined through a GIS analysis, spanning from 1990 to present. The WDPA is a joint initiative of UNEP and IUCN, see www.unep-wcmc.org for further information.

Source of the data: United Nations Millennium Development Goals database, Goal 7, Target 7.B, available at http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx (last accessed 27 August 2015).

Refugees and others of concern to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): The 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees states that a refugee is someone who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group, is outside the country of his or her nationality and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his or her former habitual residence, is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to return to it. In this series, refugees refer to persons granted a humanitarian status and/or those granted temporary protection. Included are persons who have been granted temporary protection on a group basis. The series also includes returned refugees, asylum-seekers, stateless persons and persons displaced internally within their own country and others of concern to UNHCR.

Source of the data: The UNHCR Mid-Year Trends 2014, Table 1: Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees (refugees and IDPs), stateless persons, and others of concern to UNHCR by country/territory of asylum, mid-2014 (or latest available estimates), available at http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c4d6.html (last accessed 12 March 2015). See also the website of the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) for further information.

Region: Macro geographical regions arranged according to continents and component geographical regions used for statistical purposes.

Source of the data: The Standard Country or Area Codes and Geographical Regions for Statistical Use, Revision 4 (United Nations publication), Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm (last accessed 12 December 2014).

Rural population growth rate data are based on the number of persons defined as rural according to national definitions of this concept. In most cases these definitions are those used in the most recent population census.

Source of the data: The United Nations Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, File 7, available at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/Default.aspx (last accessed 15 December 2014).

Seats held by women in national parliaments refer to the number of women in the lower chamber of national parliaments expressed as a percentage of total occupied seats in the lower or single House.

Source of the data: The Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in National Parliaments, Situation as of 1 February 2015, available at http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm (last accessed 24 March 2015).

Sex ratio is calculated as the ratio of the number of men to that of 100 women. Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to the year 2014.

Source of the data: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013), World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, available at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm; supplemented by data calculated from official national statistics published in the United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2013, Table 7, available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2013.htm; and data calculated from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Statistics and Demography Programme, Population and demographic indicators, available at http://www.spc.int/sdp (last accessed 17 April 2015)

Surface area, unless otherwise noted, refers to land area plus inland water.

Source of the data: The United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2013, Table 3, available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2013.htm (last accessed 12 March 2015).

Threatened species represents the number of plants and animals that are most in need of conservation attention and are compiled by the World Conservation Union IUCN/ Species Survival Commission (SSC).

Source of the data: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species version 2014.3: Table 5, available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/summary-statistics#Tables_5_6 (last accessed 12 December 2014).

Total trade: exports and imports show the movement of goods out of and into a country. Goods simply being transported through a country (goods in transit) or temporarily admitted (except for goods for inward processing) do not add to the stock of material resources of a country and are not included in the international merchandise trade statistics. In the “general trade system”, the definition of the statistical territory of a country coincides with its economic territory. In the “special trade system”, the definition of the statistical territory comprises only a particular part of the economic territory, mainly that part which coincides with the free circulation area for goods. “The free circulation area” is a part of the economic territory of a country within which goods “may be disposed of without Customs restrictions”. In the case of exports, the transaction value is the value at which the goods were sold by the exporter, including the cost of transportation and insurance, to bring the goods onto the transporting vehicle at the frontier of the exporting country (an FOB-type valuation). In the case of imports, the transaction value is the value at which the goods were purchased by the importer plus the cost of transportation and insurance to the frontier of the importing country (a CIF-type valuation). Both imports and exports are shown in United States dollars. Conversion from national currencies is made by means of currency conversion factors based on official exchange rates (par values or weighted averages).

Tourist arrivals at national borders: An international tourist is any person who travels to a country other than that in which he or she has his or her usual residence but outside his/her usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from with the country visited, and who stays at least one night in a collective or private accommodation in the country visited (see Recommendations on Tourism Statistics of the United Nations and the World Tourism Organization). Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to arrivals of non-resident tourists at national borders.

Source of the data: The United Nations World Tourism Organization Compendium of Yearbook Statistics (information provided by the United Nations World Tourism Organization as of 16 December 2014).

Unemployment refers to persons above a specified age who during a specified reference period were: “without work”, i.e. were not in paid employment or self-employment as defined under employment; “currently available for work”, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; and “seeking work”, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment. In circumstances where employment opportunities are particularly limited and where persons not working do not have easy access to formal channels for seeking employment or face social and cultural barriers when looking for a job, the “seeking work” criterion should be relaxed. National definitions of unemployment often differ from the recommended international standard definitions and thereby limit international comparability. Inter-country comparisons are also complicated by the different types of data collection systems used to obtain information on unemployed persons. Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to the 15 years and over age group and are national employment office statistics, usually labour force surveys, compiled by the ILO. (See ILO’s Current International Recommendations on Labour Statistics, 2000 Edition).

Source of the data: The Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM) database, 8th edition, International Labour Organization (ILO), Table 9A, available at http://www.ilo.org/empelm/what/WCMS_114240/lang--en/index.htm (last accessed 20 March 2015).

United Nations membership dates: The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization whose members are the countries of the world. Currently there are 192 Member States of the United Nations, some of which joined the UN by signing and ratifying the Charter of the United Nations in 1945; the other countries joined the UN later, through the adoption of a resolution admitting them to membership. The process usually follows these steps: first, the country applies for membership and makes a declaration accepting the obligations of the Charter; second, the Security Council adopts a resolution recommending that the General Assembly admit the country to membership and finally the General Assembly adopts a resolution admitting the country.

Source of the data: The List of Member States, available at http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml (accessed 12 December 2014).

Urban population is based on the number of persons defined as urban according to national definitions of this concept. In most cases these definitions are those used in the most recent population census.

Source of the data: United Nations Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, CD-ROM Edition, File 1, available at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/ (last accessed 23 March 2015)..

Urban population growth rate is based on the number of persons defined as urban according to national definitions of this concept. In most cases these definitions are those used in the most recent population census.

Source of the data: United Nations Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, CD-ROM Edition, File 6, available at http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/Default.aspx (last accessed 12 December 2014).

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International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Geneva, the World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2014 (18th Edition) database, available at http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/statistics/Pages/default.aspx.

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