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Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDIGo toSearch glossaries

Source: Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2025 | United Nations Development Programme
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SDG9.4 SDG8.4, 12.2
Human Development Index (HDI) Planetary pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI) Adjustment factor for planetary pressures Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (production) Carbon dioxide emissions (production) index Material footprint per capita Material footprint index
Value Value Difference from HDI value (%) a Difference from HDI rank a Value (tonnes) Value (tonnes) Value
HDI rank Country 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023
Very high human development
1 Iceland 0.972 0.735 24.4 -40 0.756 10.0 0.869 32.2 0.643
2 Norway 0.970 0.723 25.5 -49 0.746 7.1 0.907 37.5 0.584
2 Switzerland 0.970 0.732 24.5 -41 0.755 3.7 0.951 39.8 0.559
4 Denmark 0.962 0.792 17.7 -6 0.824 4.6 0.940 26.4 0.708
5 Germany 0.959 0.785 18.1 -9 0.819 7.2 0.907 24.3 0.730
5 Sweden 0.959 0.810 15.5 2 0.845 3.4 0.955 24.0 0.734
7 Australia 0.958 0.700 26.9 -59 0.731 14.5 0.811 31.5 0.651
8 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.955 .. .. .. .. 4.5 0.941 .. ..
8 Netherlands 0.955 0.740 22.5 -27 0.775 6.7 0.912 32.7 0.638
10 Belgium 0.951 0.666 30.0 -76 0.700 7.1 0.907 45.7 0.494
11 Ireland 0.949 0.752 20.8 -20 0.793 6.8 0.911 29.4 0.674
12 Finland 0.948 0.748 21.1 -22 0.789 5.7 0.926 31.4 0.652
13 Singapore 0.946 0.618 34.7 -90 0.653 8.2 0.893 53.0 0.412
13 United Kingdom 0.946 0.827 12.6 11 0.875 4.5 0.941 17.3 0.808
15 United Arab Emirates 0.940 0.585 37.8 -97 0.622 24.1 0.685 39.8 0.559
16 Canada 0.939 0.643 31.5 -79 0.684 14.2 0.815 40.3 0.554
17 Liechtenstein 0.938 .. .. .. .. 4.0 0.948 .. ..
17 New Zealand 0.938 0.731 22.1 -28 0.779 5.8 0.925 33.1 0.634
17 United States 0.938 0.686 26.9 -57 0.731 14.4 0.811 31.5 0.651
20 Korea (Republic of) 0.937 0.745 20.5 -16 0.795 11.2 0.854 23.9 0.736
21 Slovenia 0.931 0.791 15.0 7 0.850 5.3 0.930 20.8 0.769
22 Austria 0.930 0.757 18.6 -3 0.814 6.5 0.915 25.8 0.714
23 Japan 0.925 0.785 15.1 7 0.849 8.0 0.895 17.9 0.802
24 Malta 0.924 0.799 13.5 14 0.864 3.4 0.956 20.5 0.773
25 Luxembourg 0.922 0.479 48.0 -122 0.519 10.7 0.861 74.2 0.178
26 France 0.920 0.804 12.6 20 0.874 4.2 0.945 17.7 0.804
27 Israel 0.919 0.709 22.9 -34 0.772 6.5 0.915 33.6 0.628
28 Spain 0.918 0.818 10.9 24 0.891 4.7 0.939 14.2 0.843
29 Czechia 0.915 0.764 16.5 7 0.835 8.2 0.894 20.2 0.776
29 Italy 0.915 0.801 12.5 20 0.876 5.3 0.930 16.2 0.821
29 San Marino 0.915 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
32 Andorra 0.913 .. .. .. .. 5.3 0.931 .. ..
32 Cyprus 0.913 0.754 17.4 2 0.826 5.7 0.926 24.7 0.726
34 Greece 0.908 0.803 11.6 24 0.884 5.3 0.930 14.6 0.838
35 Poland 0.906 0.792 12.6 21 0.874 7.1 0.908 14.5 0.840
36 Estonia 0.905 0.714 21.1 -23 0.789 7.6 0.901 29.1 0.677
37 Saudi Arabia 0.900 0.666 26.0 -52 0.740 19.9 0.740 23.5 0.739
38 Bahrain 0.899 0.632 29.7 -63 0.703 24.6 0.679 24.6 0.728
39 Lithuania 0.895 0.751 16.1 4 0.840 4.6 0.940 23.6 0.739
40 Portugal 0.890 0.797 10.4 27 0.896 3.6 0.953 14.5 0.839
41 Croatia 0.889 0.787 11.5 24 0.886 4.4 0.943 15.5 0.828
41 Latvia 0.889 0.749 15.7 5 0.843 3.6 0.954 24.2 0.732
43 Qatar 0.886 0.276 68.8 -117 0.311 42.6 0.444 74.1 0.179
44 Slovakia 0.880 0.770 12.5 21 0.875 5.3 0.931 16.3 0.819
45 Chile 0.878 0.784 10.7 25 0.893 3.9 0.949 14.6 0.838
46 Hungary 0.870 0.757 13.0 19 0.870 4.0 0.948 18.8 0.792
47 Argentina 0.865 0.763 11.8 22 0.882 4.3 0.944 16.3 0.819
48 Montenegro 0.862 .. .. .. .. 3.7 0.951 .. ..
48 Uruguay 0.862 0.804 6.7 40 0.933 2.3 0.970 9.5 0.895
50 Oman 0.858 0.581 32.3 -69 0.677 16.9 0.779 38.5 0.574
51 T rkiye 0.853 0.729 14.5 1 0.854 5.0 0.934 20.4 0.774
52 Kuwait 0.852 0.531 37.7 -82 0.624 23.0 0.699 40.8 0.548
53 Antigua and Barbuda 0.851 .. .. .. .. 6.8 0.911 .. ..
54 Seychelles 0.848 .. .. .. .. 5.1 0.933 .. ..
55 Bulgaria 0.845 0.740 12.4 13 0.875 5.4 0.930 16.2 0.821
55 Romania 0.845 0.739 12.5 10 0.874 3.4 0.955 18.6 0.794
57 Georgia 0.844 0.772 8.5 32 0.915 3.2 0.959 11.6 0.871
58 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.840 .. .. .. .. 4.9 0.936 .. ..
59 Panama 0.839 0.643 23.4 -43 0.766 3.1 0.959 38.5 0.573
60 Brunei Darussalam 0.837 0.600 28.3 -55 0.717 26.0 0.661 20.4 0.774
60 Kazakhstan 0.837 0.687 17.9 -20 0.820 13.0 0.830 17.1 0.811
62 Costa Rica 0.833 0.774 7.1 37 0.929 1.6 0.979 11.0 0.878
62 Serbia 0.833 0.724 13.1 4 0.869 5.9 0.923 16.7 0.815
64 Russian Federation 0.832 0.710 14.7 -2 0.853 12.6 0.836 11.7 0.871
65 Belarus 0.824 .. .. .. .. 5.9 0.922 .. ..
66 Bahamas 0.820 0.712 13.2 0 0.868 6.1 0.921 16.7 0.815
67 Malaysia 0.819 0.677 17.3 -21 0.827 8.4 0.890 21.4 0.763
68 North Macedonia 0.815 0.754 7.5 32 0.925 3.6 0.953 9.3 0.897
69 Armenia 0.811 0.761 6.2 38 0.938 2.7 0.964 8.0 0.912
69 Barbados 0.811 .. .. .. .. 4.2 0.945 .. ..
71 Albania 0.810 0.755 6.8 35 0.933 1.8 0.976 10.0 0.889
72 Trinidad and Tobago 0.807 .. .. .. .. 22.4 0.708 .. ..
73 Mauritius 0.806 .. .. .. .. 3.2 0.958 .. ..
74 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.804 0.701 12.8 -3 0.872 6.3 0.918 15.7 0.826
High human development
75 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.799 0.725 9.3 14 0.907 9.2 0.880 5.9 0.934
76 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.798 .. .. .. .. 2.3 0.970 .. ..
76 Thailand 0.798 0.726 9.0 18 0.910 3.7 0.952 11.9 0.869
78 China 0.797 0.644 19.2 -27 0.808 8.3 0.891 24.9 0.724
79 Peru 0.794 0.757 4.7 43 0.953 1.6 0.979 6.6 0.927
80 Grenada 0.791 .. .. .. .. 2.7 0.965 .. ..
81 Azerbaijan 0.789 0.737 6.6 27 0.934 4.2 0.945 6.9 0.924
81 Mexico 0.789 0.721 8.6 14 0.914 3.8 0.951 11.2 0.876
83 Colombia 0.788 0.740 6.1 34 0.939 2.0 0.974 8.6 0.905
84 Brazil 0.786 0.702 10.7 7 0.893 2.2 0.971 16.6 0.816
84 Palau 0.786 .. .. .. .. 12.3 0.839 .. ..
86 Moldova (Republic of) 0.785 0.738 6.0 32 0.940 1.7 0.977 8.8 0.903
87 Ukraine 0.779 0.717 8.0 18 0.920 3.7 0.952 10.0 0.889
88 Ecuador 0.777 0.735 5.4 32 0.946 2.4 0.969 6.9 0.923
89 Dominican Republic 0.776 0.726 6.4 28 0.936 2.8 0.963 8.3 0.908
89 Guyana 0.776 .. .. .. .. 4.4 0.943 .. ..
89 Sri Lanka 0.776 0.754 2.8 47 0.971 0.9 0.988 4.1 0.955
92 Tonga 0.769 .. .. .. .. 1.8 0.976 .. ..
93 Maldives 0.766 .. .. .. .. 4.0 0.948 .. ..
93 Viet Nam 0.766 0.699 8.7 9 0.913 3.4 0.956 11.7 0.870
95 Turkmenistan 0.764 0.667 12.7 -7 0.874 9.7 0.873 11.4 0.874
96 Algeria 0.763 0.706 7.5 18 0.926 3.9 0.949 8.8 0.902
97 Cuba 0.762 0.723 5.1 28 0.949 2.1 0.973 6.8 0.924
98 Dominica 0.761 .. .. .. .. 2.2 0.971 .. ..
99 Paraguay 0.756 0.689 8.9 9 0.912 1.2 0.985 14.6 0.839
100 Egypt 0.754 0.726 3.7 35 0.963 2.4 0.969 3.9 0.956
100 Jordan 0.754 0.714 5.3 26 0.947 1.9 0.976 7.4 0.918
102 Lebanon 0.752 0.691 8.1 13 0.919 3.6 0.953 10.3 0.886
103 Saint Lucia 0.748 .. .. .. .. 2.8 0.963 .. ..
104 Mongolia 0.747 0.577 22.8 -31 0.773 13.6 0.823 25.0 0.723
105 Tunisia 0.746 0.703 5.8 23 0.942 2.6 0.966 7.3 0.919
106 South Africa 0.741 0.685 7.6 11 0.924 6.7 0.913 5.8 0.936
107 Uzbekistan 0.740 0.702 5.1 24 0.949 3.5 0.954 5.1 0.944
108 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.733 0.675 7.9 8 0.921 1.9 0.975 12.1 0.866
108 Gabon 0.733 0.704 4.0 27 0.961 2.2 0.971 4.4 0.951
108 Marshall Islands 0.733 .. .. .. .. 3.7 0.952 .. ..
111 Botswana 0.731 0.698 4.5 21 0.954 2.5 0.967 5.3 0.941
111 Fiji 0.731 .. .. .. .. 1.2 0.984 .. ..
113 Indonesia 0.728 0.684 6.0 15 0.940 2.6 0.966 7.7 0.915
114 Suriname 0.722 .. .. .. .. 4.2 0.945 .. ..
115 Belize 0.721 0.670 7.1 10 0.929 1.6 0.979 10.9 0.879
115 Libya 0.721 0.629 12.8 -7 0.872 8.9 0.884 12.7 0.859
117 Jamaica 0.720 0.686 4.7 21 0.953 2.7 0.965 5.2 0.942
117 Kyrgyzstan 0.720 0.699 2.9 27 0.971 1.5 0.980 3.4 0.962
117 Philippines 0.720 0.680 5.6 17 0.944 1.3 0.983 8.6 0.905
120 Morocco 0.710 0.679 4.4 19 0.956 1.8 0.976 5.8 0.935
121 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.709 0.652 8.0 7 0.920 3.5 0.955 10.4 0.885
122 Samoa 0.708 .. .. .. .. 1.1 0.985 .. ..
123 Nicaragua 0.706 0.668 5.4 16 0.946 0.8 0.990 8.8 0.902
124 Nauru 0.703 .. .. .. .. 4.5 0.941 .. ..
Medium human development
125 Bhutan 0.698 0.593 15.0 -8 0.849 2.2 0.972 24.7 0.727
126 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.695 .. .. .. .. 0.9 0.988 .. ..
126 Iraq 0.695 0.665 4.3 13 0.957 3.9 0.949 3.2 0.964
128 Tajikistan 0.691 0.673 2.6 21 0.974 0.9 0.988 3.6 0.960
129 Tuvalu 0.689 .. .. .. .. 1.0 0.987 .. ..
130 Bangladesh 0.685 0.666 2.8 18 0.972 0.7 0.991 4.3 0.952
130 India 0.685 0.656 4.2 14 0.957 2.1 0.972 5.2 0.942
132 El Salvador 0.678 0.638 5.9 9 0.941 1.3 0.983 9.1 0.899
133 Equatorial Guinea 0.674 0.644 4.5 14 0.955 3.6 0.953 3.9 0.957
133 Palestine, State of 0.674 0.653 3.1 16 0.969 0.7 0.992 4.9 0.946
135 Cabo Verde 0.668 .. .. .. .. 0.9 0.988 .. ..
136 Namibia 0.665 0.611 8.1 5 0.918 1.6 0.979 12.8 0.858
137 Guatemala 0.662 0.626 5.4 9 0.946 1.1 0.985 8.5 0.906
138 Congo 0.649 0.631 2.8 12 0.973 1.3 0.984 3.5 0.962
139 Honduras 0.645 0.620 3.9 10 0.961 1.0 0.986 5.9 0.935
140 Kiribati 0.644 .. .. .. .. 0.5 0.993 .. ..
141 Sao Tome and Principe 0.637 .. .. .. .. 0.7 0.991 .. ..
142 Timor-Leste 0.634 .. .. .. .. 0.5 0.994 .. ..
143 Ghana 0.628 0.604 3.8 7 0.962 0.6 0.992 6.2 0.932
143 Kenya 0.628 0.610 2.9 8 0.971 0.4 0.995 4.8 0.946
145 Nepal 0.622 0.592 4.8 4 0.952 0.5 0.993 7.9 0.912
146 Vanuatu 0.621 .. .. .. .. 0.7 0.991 .. ..
147 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.617 0.570 7.6 -3 0.923 3.2 0.958 10.0 0.889
148 Angola 0.616 0.604 1.9 11 0.980 0.6 0.993 2.9 0.967
149 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.615 .. .. .. .. 1.3 0.983 .. ..
150 Myanmar 0.609 0.593 2.6 9 0.973 0.6 0.993 4.2 0.953
151 Cambodia 0.606 0.572 5.6 1 0.944 1.2 0.984 8.7 0.903
152 Comoros 0.603 .. .. .. .. 0.5 0.993 .. ..
153 Zimbabwe 0.598 0.585 2.2 8 0.978 0.7 0.991 3.1 0.965
154 Zambia 0.595 0.585 1.7 9 0.983 0.4 0.995 2.7 0.970
155 Cameroon 0.588 0.574 2.4 5 0.976 0.3 0.995 4.0 0.956
156 Solomon Islands 0.584 .. .. .. .. 0.4 0.995 .. ..
157 C te d'Ivoire 0.582 0.537 7.7 -6 0.922 0.5 0.994 13.5 0.850
157 Uganda 0.582 0.569 2.2 3 0.978 0.1 0.998 3.9 0.957
159 Rwanda 0.578 0.567 1.9 4 0.980 0.1 0.999 3.4 0.962
160 Papua New Guinea 0.576 0.566 1.7 4 0.982 0.8 0.989 2.3 0.974
161 Togo 0.571 0.562 1.6 4 0.984 0.3 0.996 2.5 0.972
162 Syrian Arab Republic 0.564 0.553 2.0 4 0.981 1.1 0.986 2.2 0.976
163 Mauritania 0.563 0.542 3.7 2 0.962 0.9 0.988 5.8 0.936
164 Nigeria 0.560 0.548 2.1 5 0.979 0.6 0.993 3.2 0.965
165 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.555 0.541 2.5 3 0.975 0.3 0.997 4.3 0.953
166 Haiti 0.554 0.545 1.6 6 0.984 0.3 0.996 2.5 0.972
167 Lesotho 0.550 .. .. .. .. 1.7 0.978 .. ..
Low human development
168 Pakistan 0.544 0.529 2.8 2 0.973 0.8 0.989 3.9 0.956
169 Senegal 0.530 0.512 3.4 0 0.966 0.7 0.991 5.4 0.940
170 Gambia 0.524 0.514 1.9 2 0.982 0.3 0.997 3.0 0.966
171 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.522 0.517 1.0 4 0.990 0.0 0.999 1.8 0.980
172 Malawi 0.517 0.507 1.9 2 0.980 0.1 0.999 3.5 0.961
173 Benin 0.515 0.504 2.1 1 0.978 0.4 0.995 3.5 0.961
174 Guinea-Bissau 0.514 .. .. .. .. 0.1 0.998 .. ..
175 Djibouti 0.513 0.480 6.4 -6 0.936 0.4 0.994 11.0 0.878
176 Sudan 0.511 0.498 2.5 2 0.974 0.4 0.995 4.2 0.954
177 Liberia 0.510 0.505 1.0 5 0.990 0.1 0.998 1.7 0.982
178 Eritrea 0.503 0.496 1.4 3 0.986 0.2 0.998 2.4 0.974
179 Guinea 0.500 0.488 2.4 2 0.975 0.3 0.996 4.1 0.955
180 Ethiopia 0.497 0.487 2.0 2 0.980 0.1 0.998 3.5 0.962
181 Afghanistan 0.496 0.492 0.8 5 0.991 0.3 0.997 1.2 0.986
182 Mozambique 0.493 0.486 1.4 3 0.986 0.2 0.997 2.3 0.975
183 Madagascar 0.487 0.481 1.2 3 0.988 0.1 0.998 2.0 0.977
184 Yemen 0.470 0.465 1.1 1 0.989 0.3 0.996 1.6 0.982
185 Sierra Leone 0.467 0.459 1.7 1 0.983 0.1 0.998 2.9 0.967
186 Burkina Faso 0.459 0.453 1.3 1 0.987 0.3 0.997 2.0 0.978
187 Burundi 0.439 0.435 0.9 1 0.991 0.1 0.999 1.6 0.982
188 Mali 0.419 0.411 1.9 1 0.981 0.3 0.996 3.2 0.965
188 Niger 0.419 0.410 2.1 0 0.979 0.1 0.999 3.6 0.960
190 Chad 0.416 0.397 4.6 0 0.954 0.2 0.998 8.1 0.910
191 Central African Republic 0.414 0.407 1.7 2 0.983 0.0 0.999 2.9 0.968
192 Somalia 0.404 0.396 2.0 1 0.979 0.0 1.000 3.7 0.959
193 South Sudan 0.388 0.383 1.3 1 0.986 0.1 0.998 2.3 0.974
Other countries or territories
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. .. .. .. 0.961 2.3 0.970 4.2 0.953
Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Human development groups
Very high human development 0.914 0.741 18.9 0.811 9.4 0.877 23.0 0.746
High human development 0.777 0.677 12.9 0.871 5.6 0.926 16.6 0.816
Medium human development 0.656 0.631 3.8 0.963 1.6 0.980 4.9 0.945
Low human development 0.515 0.505 1.9 0.980 0.4 0.995 3.2 0.964
Developing countries 0.712 0.653 8.3 0.917 3.6 0.953 10.7 0.881
Regions
Arab States 0.719 0.665 7.5 0.926 4.6 0.940 8.1 0.911
East Asia and the Pacific 0.775 0.658 15.1 0.849 6.5 0.916 19.7 0.782
Europe and Central Asia 0.818 0.731 10.6 0.893 5.0 0.934 13.3 0.852
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.783 0.715 8.7 0.913 2.7 0.965 12.5 0.861
South Asia 0.672 0.644 4.2 0.959 2.1 0.973 5.0 0.945
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.568 0.553 2.6 0.974 0.7 0.991 3.8 0.958
Least developed countries 0.560 0.548 2.1 0.978 0.3 0.996 3.6 0.960
Small island developing states 0.739 .. .. .. 2.7 0.965 .. ..
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 0.916 0.752 17.9 0.821 8.2 0.893 22.6 0.750
World 0.756 0.680 10.1 0.900 4.5 0.941 12.7 0.859
Footnotes
a. Based on countries for which a Planetary pressures-adjusted Human Development Index value is calculated.
Definitions
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at 5 at https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/hdr2025_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.
Planetary pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI): HDI value adjusted by the level of carbon dioxide emissions and material footprint per capita to account for the excessive human pressure on the planet. It should be seen as an incentive for transformation. See Technical note 6 at 5 at https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/hdr2025_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the PHDI is calculated.
Difference from HDI value: Percentage difference between the PHDI value and the HDI value.
Difference from HDI rank: Difference in ranks on the PHDI and the HDI, calculated only for countries for which a PHDI value is calculated.
Adjustment factor for planetary pressures: Arithmetic average of the carbon dioxide emissions index and the material footprint index, both defined below. A high value implies less pressure on the planet.
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (production): Carbon dioxide emissions produced as a consequence of human activities (use of coal, oil and gas for combustion and industrial processes, gas flaring and cement manufacture), divided by midyear population. Values are territorial emissions, meaning that emissions are attributed to the country in which they physically occur.
Carbon dioxide emissions (production) index: Carbon dioxide emissions per capita (production-based) expressed as an index using a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 76.61 tonnes per capita. A high value on this index implies less pressure on the planet.
Material footprint per capita: Material footprint is the attribution of global material extraction to a country's domestic final demand. Total material footprint is the sum of the material footprint for biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores and nonmetal ores. This indicator is calculated as the raw material equivalent of imports plus domestic extraction minus raw material equivalents of exports. Material footprint per capita describes the average material use for final demand.
Material footprint index: Material footprint per capita expressed as an index using a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 90.27 tonnes per capita. A high value on this index implies less pressure on the planet.
Sources
Column 1: HDRO calculations based on data from Barro and Lee (2018), IMF (2024), UNDESA (2024a), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024), United Nations Statistics Division (2025) and World Bank (2024a).
Column 2: Calculated as the product of the HDI and the adjustment factor presented in column 5.
Column 3: Calculated based on data in columns 1 and 2.
Column 4: Calculated based on PHDI ranks and recalculated HDI ranks for countries for which a PHDI value is calculated.
Column 5: Calculated based on data in columns 7 and 9.
Column 6: Global Carbon Project 2024.
Column 7: Calculated based on data in column 6.
Column 8: United Nations Environment Programm 2024.
Column 9: Calculated based on data in column 8.
Source

Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2025

Source:  United Nations Development Programme

The Human Development Report is a reliable source and an alternative perspective on critical issues for human development worldwide. Featuring the Human Development Index, every report presents agenda-setting data and analysis and calls international attention to issues and policy options that put people at the center of strategies to meet the challenges of development today - economic, social, political, and cultural.
Last update in UNdata: 2025/07/18
Next update in UNdata: 2026/12/01
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