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Human Development Index and its componentsGo toSearch glossaries

Source: Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2025 | United Nations Development Programme
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SDG3 SDG4.3 SDG4.4 SDG8.5
Human Development Index (HDI) Life expectancy at birth Expected years of schooling Mean years of schooling Gross national income (GNI) per capita GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank HDI rank
HDI rank Country Value (years) (years) (years) (2021 PPP $)
2023 2023 2023 a 2023 a 2023 2023 b 2022
Very high human development
1 Iceland 0.972 82.7 18.9 c 13.9 d 69,117 12 3
2 Norway 0.970 83.3 18.8 c 13.1 e 112,710 f 0 1
2 Switzerland 0.970 84.0 16.7 13.9 e 81,949 f 5 2
4 Denmark 0.962 81.9 18.7 c 13.0 e 76,008 f 4 4
5 Germany 0.959 81.4 17.3 14.3 e 64,053 13 6
5 Sweden 0.959 83.3 19.0 c 12.7 e 66,102 10 4
7 Australia 0.958 83.9 20.7 c 12.9 58,277 14 8
8 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.955 85.5 g 16.9 12.4 69,436 4 9
8 Netherlands 0.955 82.2 18.6 c 12.7 e 68,344 6 7
10 Belgium 0.951 82.1 19.0 c 12.7 e 63,582 9 13
11 Ireland 0.949 82.4 19.2 c 11.7 e 90,885 f -6 10
12 Finland 0.948 81.9 19.5 c 13.0 e 57,068 10 11
13 Singapore 0.946 83.7 16.7 12.0 111,239 f -10 14
13 United Kingdom 0.946 81.3 17.8 13.5 54,372 13 11
15 United Arab Emirates 0.940 82.9 15.6 13.0 71,142 -4 23
16 Canada 0.939 82.6 15.9 13.9 54,688 9 16
17 Liechtenstein 0.938 83.6 15.4 12.4 h 166,812 f,i -16 15
17 New Zealand 0.938 82.1 19.3 c 12.9 e 47,260 17 17
17 United States 0.938 79.3 15.9 13.9 73,650 -7 18
20 Korea (Republic of) 0.937 84.3 16.6 12.7 e 49,726 11 19
21 Slovenia 0.931 81.6 17.5 13.0 e 46,361 15 21
22 Austria 0.930 82.0 16.3 12.4 e 63,479 -2 20
23 Japan 0.925 84.7 15.5 12.7 e 47,775 10 23
24 Malta 0.924 83.3 15.9 12.4 e 52,155 5 26
25 Luxembourg 0.922 82.2 14.4 12.6 d 85,461 f -19 22
26 France 0.920 83.3 16.1 11.8 e 55,060 -2 27
27 Israel 0.919 82.4 14.9 13.5 e 48,050 5 23
28 Spain 0.918 83.7 17.8 10.8 e 46,008 9 28
29 Czechia 0.915 79.8 16.8 13.0 e 45,889 9 28
29 Italy 0.915 83.7 16.7 10.8 e 52,389 -1 32
29 San Marino 0.915 85.7 g 14.6 e 11.4 64,706 -13 30
32 Andorra 0.913 84.0 14.5 11.6 64,631 -15 37
32 Cyprus 0.913 81.6 16.2 12.6 e 45,394 7 31
34 Greece 0.908 81.9 20.8 c 11.6 e 35,761 17 36
35 Poland 0.906 78.6 16.7 13.2 e 42,218 5 33
36 Estonia 0.905 79.2 16.0 13.6 e 40,881 8 33
37 Saudi Arabia 0.900 78.7 16.9 11.6 e 50,299 -7 37
38 Bahrain 0.899 81.3 15.9 11.1 52,819 -11 33
39 Lithuania 0.895 76.0 16.5 13.6 e 41,916 2 39
40 Portugal 0.890 82.4 17.5 9.7 e 41,064 3 41
41 Croatia 0.889 78.6 16.3 12.1 j 41,380 1 40
41 Latvia 0.889 76.2 16.5 13.4 e 37,998 6 43
43 Qatar 0.886 82.4 13.1 10.8 105,353 f -39 41
44 Slovakia 0.880 78.3 14.9 13.1 e 36,793 5 44
45 Chile 0.878 81.2 16.9 11.3 e 28,047 16 45
46 Hungary 0.870 77.0 15.5 12.3 e 37,236 2 46
47 Argentina 0.865 77.4 18.8 c 11.2 e 25,876 20 47
48 Montenegro 0.862 77.1 15.5 12.8 e 28,026 14 48
48 Uruguay 0.862 78.1 17.5 10.5 28,650 12 50
50 Oman 0.858 80.0 13.4 11.9 36,096 0 52
51 T rkiye 0.853 77.2 19.8 c 9.0 e 34,507 1 48
52 Kuwait 0.852 80.4 15.9 e 7.6 e 56,612 -29 53
53 Antigua and Barbuda 0.851 77.6 15.5 e 11.6 27,387 10 51
54 Seychelles 0.848 72.9 18.2 c 11.2 29,195 4 56
55 Bulgaria 0.845 75.6 15.3 11.5 e 32,175 0 57
55 Romania 0.845 75.9 14.1 11.6 39,374 -10 54
57 Georgia 0.844 74.5 16.8 12.7 20,753 18 55
58 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.840 72.1 18.4 c,k 10.8 l 29,105 1 60
59 Panama 0.839 79.6 13.3 e 10.8 e 34,385 -6 57
60 Brunei Darussalam 0.837 75.3 13.7 m 9.3 75,827 f -51 63
60 Kazakhstan 0.837 74.4 14.0 12.5 e 30,989 -4 59
62 Costa Rica 0.833 80.8 16.3 e 8.8 e 23,417 6 65
62 Serbia 0.833 76.8 15.0 11.6 e 23,115 7 61
64 Russian Federation 0.832 73.2 13.2 12.4 39,222 -18 61
65 Belarus 0.824 74.4 13.7 12.3 e 26,725 1 64
66 Bahamas 0.820 74.6 11.9 n 12.8 e 30,975 -9 66
67 Malaysia 0.819 76.7 12.7 11.1 32,553 -13 68
68 North Macedonia 0.815 77.4 14.8 10.2 m 22,128 2 67
69 Armenia 0.811 75.7 14.4 11.3 d 20,221 9 72
69 Barbados 0.811 76.2 16.6 e 9.9 d 17,328 20 69
71 Albania 0.810 79.6 14.5 10.2 d 17,627 16 70
72 Trinidad and Tobago 0.807 73.5 14.2 o 10.8 27,000 -7 71
73 Mauritius 0.806 74.9 14.2 e 10.1 d 27,280 -9 75
74 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.804 77.9 13.2 11.0 19,827 6 73
High human development
75 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.799 77.7 14.0 e 10.8 e 16,096 19 77
76 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.798 71.2 16.3 n 11.3 p 17,247 14 75
76 Thailand 0.798 76.4 15.4 e 9.0 20,570 1 78
78 China 0.797 78.0 15.5 e 8.0 e 22,029 -7 74
79 Peru 0.794 77.7 14.9 e 10.2 e 14,339 23 79
80 Grenada 0.791 75.2 16.6 e 9.4 q 14,349 21 80
81 Azerbaijan 0.789 74.4 12.9 11.1 20,668 -5 82
81 Mexico 0.789 75.1 14.5 9.3 e 21,813 -8 84
83 Colombia 0.788 77.7 14.3 9.0 e 18,666 1 85
84 Brazil 0.786 75.8 15.8 8.4 e 18,011 1 86
84 Palau 0.786 69.3 14.1 13.3 p 16,035 11 81
86 Moldova (Republic of) 0.785 71.2 14.6 e 11.8 15,867 11 82
87 Ukraine 0.779 73.4 13.3 11.1 d 16,933 5 90
88 Ecuador 0.777 77.4 14.9 9.0 13,986 15 89
89 Dominican Republic 0.776 73.7 13.6 9.4 e 22,024 -17 87
89 Guyana 0.776 70.2 13.0 o 8.7 d 46,959 -54 95
89 Sri Lanka 0.776 77.5 13.1 10.8 12,616 22 88
92 Tonga 0.769 72.9 17.8 e 10.9 d 7,438 38 91
93 Maldives 0.766 81.0 12.8 7.4 d 19,317 -11 91
93 Viet Nam 0.766 74.6 15.5 9.0 13,033 14 91
95 Turkmenistan 0.764 70.1 13.2 11.2 e 17,716 -9 96
96 Algeria 0.763 76.3 15.5 7.4 e 15,114 3 96
97 Cuba 0.762 78.1 13.9 10.6 d 8,415 r 30 91
98 Dominica 0.761 71.1 14.2 e 10.1 16,001 -2 98
99 Paraguay 0.756 73.8 14.0 e 8.9 e 15,252 -1 102
100 Egypt 0.754 71.6 13.1 e 10.1 e 16,218 -7 100
100 Jordan 0.754 77.8 13.1 10.2 9,222 22 100
102 Lebanon 0.752 77.8 11.7 10.4 s 11,299 13 99
103 Saint Lucia 0.748 72.7 12.7 8.6 e 20,900 -29 102
104 Mongolia 0.747 71.7 13.6 9.4 m 14,787 -4 105
105 Tunisia 0.746 76.5 14.7 e 7.6 12,011 9 104
106 South Africa 0.741 66.1 13.8 11.6 13,694 0 107
107 Uzbekistan 0.740 72.4 12.5 11.9 8,826 17 107
108 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.733 68.6 15.6 e 10.0 e 9,445 13 113
108 Gabon 0.733 68.3 12.5 e 9.7 18,854 -25 111
108 Marshall Islands 0.733 66.9 16.4 11.6 p 7,224 23 110
111 Botswana 0.731 69.2 11.4 10.5 16,984 -20 112
111 Fiji 0.731 67.3 13.8 10.4 12,843 -3 114
113 Indonesia 0.728 71.1 13.3 8.7 e 13,700 -8 114
114 Suriname 0.722 73.6 11.0 8.4 e 17,344 -26 116
115 Belize 0.721 73.6 12.0 8.8 12,343 -2 118
115 Libya 0.721 69.3 12.9 q 7.8 l 19,831 -36 106
117 Jamaica 0.720 71.5 12.4 e 10.0 10,057 t 2 117
117 Kyrgyzstan 0.720 71.7 12.7 12.1 e 6,078 24 118
117 Philippines 0.720 69.8 12.8 e 10.0 10,731 0 120
120 Morocco 0.710 75.3 15.1 6.2 8,653 5 122
121 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.709 72.5 13.0 p 9.7 p 7,157 u 11 121
122 Samoa 0.708 71.7 12.4 11.3 e 5,952 21 123
123 Nicaragua 0.706 74.9 11.5 9.9 6,881 11 124
124 Nauru 0.703 62.1 12.8 q 9.4 q 19,642 -43 125
Medium human development
125 Bhutan 0.698 73.0 13.2 e 5.8 l 13,843 -21 126
126 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.695 64.1 15.2 e 8.7 9,919 -6 126
126 Iraq 0.695 72.3 12.4 v 6.8 o 12,654 -16 126
128 Tajikistan 0.691 71.8 10.8 e 11.3 d 5,747 17 129
129 Tuvalu 0.689 67.1 12.4 w 10.8 e 7,006 4 130
130 Bangladesh 0.685 74.7 12.3 6.8 8,498 -4 131
130 India 0.685 72.0 13.0 6.9 9,047 -7 133
132 El Salvador 0.678 72.1 11.1 7.3 10,595 -14 134
133 Equatorial Guinea 0.674 63.7 12.5 q 8.3 l 12,762 -24 132
133 Palestine, State of 0.674 65.2 13.0 10.1 6,547 5 109
135 Cabo Verde 0.668 76.1 11.4 e 6.1 l 8,165 -7 135
136 Namibia 0.665 67.4 11.8 x 7.3 d 10,917 -20 137
137 Guatemala 0.662 72.6 10.7 5.8 12,459 -25 136
138 Congo 0.649 65.8 12.7 e 8.3 d 5,903 6 138
139 Honduras 0.645 72.9 10.2 e 7.5 e 6,065 3 139
140 Kiribati 0.644 66.5 11.9 y 9.1 l 4,947 11 140
141 Sao Tome and Principe 0.637 69.7 12.9 o 6.0 e 5,583 6 141
142 Timor-Leste 0.634 67.7 13.3 x 6.2 x 5,435 8 142
143 Ghana 0.628 65.5 11.4 7.1 6,846 -8 144
143 Kenya 0.628 63.6 11.5 x 8.6 5,608 3 143
145 Nepal 0.622 70.4 13.8 4.5 4,726 10 150
146 Vanuatu 0.621 71.5 11.8 e 7.2 l 3,404 20 145
147 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.617 69.0 9.6 6.1 d 8,106 -18 147
148 Angola 0.616 64.6 12.2 6.0 x 6,631 -11 146
149 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.615 67.2 11.5 q 7.3 l 4,246 7 147
150 Myanmar 0.609 66.9 11.5 s 6.4 z 4,919 aa 3 149
151 Cambodia 0.606 70.7 11.2 5.2 4,931 1 151
152 Comoros 0.603 66.8 13.3 e 6.0 3,481 12 151
153 Zimbabwe 0.598 62.8 11.1 e 8.9 e 3,511 9 153
154 Zambia 0.595 66.3 11.0 ab 7.4 d 3,447 11 154
155 Cameroon 0.588 63.7 10.8 6.6 d 4,746 -1 156
156 Solomon Islands 0.584 70.5 11.3 q 5.9 l 2,777 18 155
157 C te d'Ivoire 0.582 61.9 11.4 4.9 6,735 -21 162
157 Uganda 0.582 68.3 11.6 x 6.3 e 2,736 18 157
159 Rwanda 0.578 67.8 12.6 4.9 2,971 9 160
160 Papua New Guinea 0.576 66.1 11.5 x 5.0 d 3,971 -2 158
161 Togo 0.571 62.7 13.1 e 5.9 e 2,856 9 161
162 Syrian Arab Republic 0.564 72.1 7.4 n 5.9 p 3,918 -3 159
163 Mauritania 0.563 68.5 7.9 e 4.9 d 6,267 -23 163
164 Nigeria 0.560 54.5 10.5 7.6 5,569 -16 164
165 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.555 67.0 8.6 6.1 3,515 -4 165
166 Haiti 0.554 64.9 10.9 q 5.4 ac 2,935 3 166
167 Lesotho 0.550 57.4 11.0 e 7.7 e 3,029 0 167
Low human development
168 Pakistan 0.544 67.6 7.9 e 4.3 e 5,501 -19 168
169 Senegal 0.530 68.7 9.1 2.9 e 4,202 -12 169
170 Gambia 0.524 65.9 9.0 x 4.7 x 2,812 1 170
171 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.522 61.9 10.9 e 7.4 d 1,431 17 172
172 Malawi 0.517 67.4 9.9 5.2 m 1,634 12 173
173 Benin 0.515 60.8 10.4 3.2 3,806 -13 174
174 Guinea-Bissau 0.514 64.1 10.6 o 3.7 2,403 2 175
175 Djibouti 0.513 66.0 6.2 e 4.0 p 6,368 -36 176
176 Sudan 0.511 66.3 8.6 e 4.0 2,810 -4 171
177 Liberia 0.510 62.2 10.5 6.2 e 1,538 9 177
178 Eritrea 0.503 68.6 7.3 e 5.1 l 2,029 1 178
179 Guinea 0.500 60.7 10.4 e 2.5 e 3,494 -16 179
180 Ethiopia 0.497 67.3 9.2 x 2.4 e 2,796 -7 181
181 Afghanistan 0.496 66.0 10.8 e 2.5 1,972 -1 180
182 Mozambique 0.493 63.6 10.8 e 4.6 1,356 7 182
183 Madagascar 0.487 63.6 9.1 e 4.6 1,656 0 183
184 Yemen 0.470 69.3 7.5 p 5.5 1,018 7 184
185 Sierra Leone 0.467 61.8 9.1 o 3.5 e 1,714 -3 185
186 Burkina Faso 0.459 61.1 8.7 2.3 2,391 -9 186
187 Burundi 0.439 63.7 9.8 e 3.5 e 859 5 187
188 Mali 0.419 60.4 7.0 e 1.6 m 2,342 -10 188
188 Niger 0.419 61.2 8.3 e 1.4 d 1,590 -3 189
190 Chad 0.416 55.1 8.3 e 2.3 e 1,748 -9 189
191 Central African Republic 0.414 57.4 7.4 e 4.0 d 1,100 -1 ..
192 Somalia 0.404 58.8 7.5 q 1.9 1,475 -5 192
193 South Sudan 0.388 57.6 5.6 e 5.7 ad 688 0 191
Other countries or territories
Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. 73.6 12.2 e .. .. .. ..
Monaco .. 86.4 g 21.7 c .. .. .. ..
Human development groups
Very high human development 0.914 80.0 16.4 12.5 53,014
High human development 0.777 75.7 14.6 8.7 18,405
Medium human development 0.656 69.3 12.1 6.8 7,822
Low human development 0.515 65.0 8.9 4.0 3,007
Developing countries 0.712 72.0 12.7 7.8 13,301
Regions
Arab States 0.719 72.5 12.0 8.1 15,825
East Asia and the Pacific 0.775 75.9 14.6 8.3 19,520
Europe and Central Asia 0.818 74.8 15.6 10.7 23,171
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.783 75.6 14.8 9.1 18,048
South Asia 0.672 71.9 12.1 6.8 8,722
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.568 62.5 10.3 6.2 4,352
Least developed countries 0.560 66.5 10.2 5.1 3,637
Small island developing states 0.739 71.9 12.6 8.6 19,343
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 0.916 80.6 16.5 12.3 52,698
World 0.756 73.4 13.0 8.8 20,327
Notes
a. Data refer to 2023 or the most recent year available.
b. Based on countries for which a Human Development Index (HDI) value is calculated.
c. In calculating the HDI value, expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years.
d. Updated by HDRO based on data from Barro and Lee (2018) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024).
e. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024).
f. In calculating the HDI value, GNI per capita is capped at $75,000.
g. In calculating the HDI value, life expectancy is capped at 85 years.
h. Updated by HDRO using the mean years of schooling trend of Austria and data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024).
i. Estimated using the purchasing power parity (PPP) rate and projected growth rate of Switzerland.
j. Updated by HDRO based on data from Eurostat (2024) and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024) .
k. Refers to 2015 based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024).
l. HDRO estimate based on data from Robert Barro and Jong-Wha Lee, ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.
m. Refers to 2020 based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024).
n. HDRO estimate based on data from the Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies and the World Bank's Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean, ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
o. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024).
p. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024) and estimates using cross-country regression.
q. Based on HDRO estimates using cross-country regression.
r. HDRO estimate calculated based on United Nations Statistics Division (2025) and World Bank (2024a).
s. Refers to 2018 based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024).
t. HDRO estimate based on data from IMF (2024) and World Bank (2024a).
u. IMF 2024.
v. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years.
w. HDRO estimate based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
x. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various years and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024).
y. Updated by HDRO based on data from UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for various years and estimates using cross-country regression.
z. Refers to 2019 based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024).
aa. HDRO estimate based on data from IMF (2024), United Nations Statistics Division (2025) and World Bank (2024a).
ab. Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for various years.
ac. Refers to 2017 based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024).
ad. Refers to 2008 based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024).
Definitions
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/hdr2025_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.
Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant's life.
Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child's life.
Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older, converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level.
Gross national income (GNI) per capita: Aggregate income of an economy generated by its production and its ownership of factors of production, less the incomes paid for the use of factors of production owned by the rest of the world, converted to international dollars using PPP rates, divided by midyear population.
GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank: Difference in ranking by GNI per capita and by HDI value. A negative value means that the country is better ranked by GNI than by HDI value.
HDI rank for 2022: Ranking by HDI value for 2022, calculated using the same most recently revised data available that were used to calculate HDI values for 2023.
Main data sources
Columns 1 and 7: HDRO calculations based on data from Barro and Lee (2018), IMF (2024), UNDESA (2024a), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2024), United Nations Statistics Division (2025) and World Bank (2024a).
Column 2: UNDESA 2024a.
Column 3: ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2024, and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
Column 4: Barro and Lee 2018, Eurostat 2024, ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys, UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2024 and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys.
Column 5: IMF 2024, United Nations Statistics Division 2025 and World Bank 2024a.
Column 6: Calculated based on data in columns 1 and 5.
Source

Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2025

Source:  United Nations Development Programme

The Human Development Report is a reliable source and an alternative perspective on critical issues for human development worldwide. Featuring the Human Development Index, every report presents agenda-setting data and analysis and calls international attention to issues and policy options that put people at the center of strategies to meet the challenges of development today - economic, social, political, and cultural.
Last update in UNdata: 2025/07/18
Next update in UNdata: 2026/12/01
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